导叶位置对S型轴伸贯流泵装置水力性能的影响

为了研究不同导叶位置对S型轴伸式贯流泵装置水力性能的影响,设计了4种不同导叶相对位置的方案,并分别针对小流量(Q=0.8Q0)、设计流量(Q=1.0Q0)、大流量(Q=1.2Q0)3种工况下的S型轴伸贯流泵装置进行了数值模拟计算。对比数值模拟结果与试验结果,并分析计算结果的外特性与内特性,通过模型试验验证了数值模拟计算结果的准确性。结果表明,泵装置效率和扬程随导叶相对位置逐渐增大呈现先上升后下降的趋势,导叶与叶轮之间的相对距离存在最优值A=10 mm,在此位置时,泵装置效率和扬程相对最高,导叶体水力损失与出水流道水力损失相对最小,导叶体对于动能的回收能力强。小流量与设计流量工况下,出水流道进口平均涡角的大小随导叶相对位置先减小后增加,对应出水流道水力损失先下降后上升的趋势。大流量工况下,平均涡角不随导叶相对位置变化而变化。     

城市植被净化大气价值计量与评价——以西安市为例

对西安市植被净化大气物质量及价值测定结果表明 ,植被净化大气年总价值为 34 2 6 35 6亿元 ,占 1999年西安市国内生产总值的 6 % ,其中年固定CO2 和释放O2 的价值为 2 7 1830 9亿元 ,年吸收SO2 、HF和NOX3种污染物的价值为 1 82 896亿元 ,年滞尘价值为 1 82 5 11亿元 ,年灭菌价值为 3 4 2 6 4 0亿元。并通过MapInfo的叠加分析得出各行政区统计结果。     

Tundra plants protect the soil surface from UV

In the Arctic, seasonal ozone depletion is resulting in periods of enhanced UV-B radiation at ground level while regional climate change is associated with increasing temperatures. These changes are likely to alter plant distribution, biodiversity and morphology, which may have knock-on effects for microbially driven biogeochemical cycling and other soil processes. Our study examined the transmission of solar UV radiation through arctic tundra plants using a portable UV radiometer and the DLR-biofilm biological UV dosimeter. A strong negative correlation was found between vegetation cover and UV transmission to the soil surface. Penetration of UV to the soil beneath tundra plants varied depending upon plant morphology, being greater through low creeping plants than cushion plants, grasses or mosses. UV transmission to the soil surface beyond the foliage edge also varied with plant morphology and the presence of flowers.     

基于粗集权重的改进可拓评价方法在灌区干旱评价中的应用

在分析了灌区干旱评价特点和目前评价方法不足的基础上，引入了基于非对称贴近度和粗集理论的改进可拓评价方法，有效避免了灌区干旱评价指标界限的纲性量化导致的遗漏问题和单项指标评价结果的矛盾性、不确定性和不相容性。与传统可拓评价方法相比，在指标权重的确定中采用经验因子协调主客观权重，克服了以往决策者过分依赖专家经验知识确定的不足。在等级评价中采用非对称贴近度原则，代替最大隶属度，有效解决最大隶属度原则的失效问题。计算实例表明，采用基于粗集权重的改进可拓评价方法进行灌区干旱评价是切实可行的。     

浙江安吉主要植被类型根系分布特征研究

采用土柱法对黄浦江源区—浙江省安吉县主要植被类型林木细根分布特征进行了研究,结果表明：不同植被类型细根分布有较大差异,茶园、毛竹林、灌木林的根长、根表面积都要明显高于其他几种植被类型,而落阔林的根体积最大,常阔林的根重最大;细根随土层深度的增加而减少,林地细根主要分布在0-40cm土层。草地主要分布在0-30cm土层,这对抵抗径流侵蚀、保持水土资源具有重要意义;各样地根长均以〈0．5mm径级的根长含量最高,0．5-1mm径级次之,而2-5mm径级的最少。根系体积和根重具有相同的分布趋势。大小顺序均为：2—5mm〉1—2mm〉0．5-1mm〉0．5mm,与根长的分布状况正好相反。不同径级根表面积分布差异较大。     

Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: Modeling and validation

Leaf chlorophyll content, a good indicator of photosynthesis activity, mutations, stress and nutritional state, is of special significance to precision agriculture. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of retrieval of chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices composed by the reflectance of specific bands. In this paper, a set of vegetation indices belonged to three classes (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified simple ratio (MSR) index and the modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI, TCARI) and the integrated forms (MCARI/OSAVI and TCARI/OSAVI)) were tested using the PROSPECT and SAIL models to explore their potentials in chlorophyll content estimation. Different bands combinations were also used to derive the modified vegetation indices. In the sensitivity study, four new formed indices (MSR[705,750], MCARI[705,750], TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750]) were proved to have better linearity with chlorophyll content and resistant to leaf area index (LAI) variations by taking into account the effect of quick saturation at 670 nm with relatively low chlorophyll content. Validation study was also conducted at canopy scale using the ground truth data in the growth duration of winter wheat (chlorophyll content and reflectance data). The results showed that the integrated indices TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750] are most appropriate for chlorophyll estimation with high correlation coefficients R² of 0.8808 and 0.9406, respectively, because more disturbances such as shadow, soil reflectance and nonphotosynthetic materials are taken into account. The high correlation between the vegetation indices obtained in the developmental stages of wheat and Hyperion data (R² of 0.6798 and 0.7618 for TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750], respectively) indicated that these two integrated index can be used in practice to estimate the chlorophylls of different types of corns.     

振安区农机深松整地作业技术推广应用研究

实施农机深松整地作业技术有利于农业可持续发展.介绍振安区农机深松整地技术发展现状与技术模式,阐述该技术推广应用中采取的措施及存在的问题,提出逐步建立起技术示范应用长效机制,以期为科学高效地推进农机深松整地技术在振安区的推广应用提供参考.     

青藏铁路格唐段高海拔地区植被恢复研究——I高寒草原植被现状与恢复基本途径探讨

青藏铁路的修建加强了西藏与内地的联系,对其经济发展、社会稳定具有重要的意义。但在修建过程中不可避免地对沿线的局部植被生态系统造成不同程度影响和破坏,如何尽快恢复植被生态系统至关重要。对青藏铁路青海境内的高海拔的气候条件及现有植被状况作了统计调查,提出尊重科学,因地制宜的指导原则,恢复与重建的工作一起抓:一方面要增强环保意识,加强管理,综合治理;另一方面通过原有草皮回植,科学管理以及异地繁殖当地草种等途径尽快提高地表覆盖度和植物种群多样性,以期达到最佳的生态效应。     

Soil erosion and redistribution on cultivated and uncultivated land near las bardenas in the central Ebro river Basin,Spain

The semiarid regions of Spain, including the central part of the Ebro River basin, are under threat due to desertification. Severe erosion, as a result of poor land management, has led to degradation of the soil resource, and there is a clear need for quantitative erosion rate data to evaluate the problem. This study aimed to examine the potential for using caesium-137 to identify the patterns and rates of soil erosion and redistribution within this semiarid environment. Samples for the determination of caesium-137 were collected from uncultivated slopes and cultivated valley floor sites near the head and outlet of a small representative basin in the Las Bardenas area. The measured patterns of caesium-137 mobilization, redistribution and export provide a semiquantitative indication of the variation in erosion within the study site. Calibration of the caesium-137 measurements, taking account of the differing behaviour of radiocaesium on cultivated and uncultivated land, allows estimation of the actual rates of erosion and deposition involved. The results show (1) the erosion rates on the cultivated land (1.6–2.5 kg m⁻² yr⁻¹) are typically more than five times those seen on the uncultivated land (0.2–0.4 kg m⁻² yr⁻¹), and (2) erosion on the uncultivated land is significantly less severe at the head of the basin than at the outlet. Study of the vegetation cover suggests that lower growing shrubs and grasses may be more effective in reducing erosion in this environment than trees.     

Field measurement of the sheltering effect of vegetation on erodible land surfaces

Natural vegetation on erodible land surfaces, such as the loose sandy soils found in the southwestern United States and in Soviet Central Asia, absorbs part of the wind momentum flux (stress) and thus protects the erodible soil to a degree that depends on the geometry of plant distribution and profile. The sheltering effect of natural plants may be expressed as the ratio, R, of threshold friction velocity for the bare soil (determined in the laboratory or in specially prepared areas of bare soil in the field) to that for the naturally vegetated surface. We used new automated instrumentation to detect erosion thresholds in locations where erosion events are widely separated in time. Measured values of R were low for our most vegetated sites and nearer unity for the sparsely vegetated site.