热带次生林演替过程中环境因子对物种多样性的影响

为了解热带森林次生演替的群落环境特征变化对植物多样性的影响,以两种不同演替阶段的热带滨海次生林群落为研究对象,采用两种非参数检验以及Kendall秩相关分析的方法,对两群落内部的环境因子及其对植物多样性、均匀度以及物种周转率的影响进行研究。结果表明:各环境因子在群落间和群落内均存在差异。在热带常绿季雨林(TEMF)、灌木林(SHR)内,光合有效辐射(PAR)对物种多样性和周转率有显著影响。在两个群落内,土壤相对湿度对物种分布均起到重要影响,对SHR中物种分布的影响更强。在TEMF中,土壤温度、坡度及坡位对物种多样性和周转率限制显著;在SHR中,空气相对湿度成为限制物种分布的主要环境因子。     

海南省热带农产品品牌建设的SWOT分析及对策研究

我国是农业生产大国,海南省地处我国热带地区,热带农业的发展尤其是热带农产品的市场营销一直以来备受海南省委省政府的重视。本文通过对海南省农产品相关概念的界定,运用SWOT分析方法对海南省热带农产品品牌建设进行研究,系统的分析海南省热带农产品的品牌建设过程中所具有的优势、劣势、机会与威胁,并提出相应的战略对策,拟通过对热带农产品品牌的建设来增强海南省热带农产品的市场竞争力,从而进一步开发海南省农产品市场,确保海南省热带农产品的有效流通,最终实现农业生产经营者的增产增收。     

热带海岸次生林群落主要乔木的种间关联分析

对热带海岸次生林群落主要乔木种群的重要值、方差比率、χ~2统计量和Ochiai(OI)指数等种间联结性指标进行测定,旨在揭示该群落优势种群之间相互作用的内在关联及种对间关联性的内在规律。结果表明:香蒲桃是热带海岸次生林群落的主要建群种;热带海岸次生林群落19个主要种群总体关联性表现为不显著正关联,反映了该群落尚未达到稳定的演替阶段;χ~2检验结果显示该群落优势种群正关联种对与负关联种对数量相当,无关联种对数较少,分别占总对数的42.7%、43.3%和14.0%,显著正关联种对数为1对,极显著和显著负关联种对数为2对;Ochiai(OI)指数显示66对种对的OI值落在[0.6,1],反映出热带海岸次生林主要种对间关联程度较为紧密。综上所述,热带海岸次生林群落优势种群种对间种间关联明显,物种之间存在一定的独立性,整体趋向稳定发展,实践中为加快热带次生林演替的进程,应重点保护正联结性较强的树种。     

Characterizing environmental and spatial variables associated with the incidental catch of olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific purse‐seine fishery

In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), a region of high fishing activity, olive ridley (Lepidochelis olivacea) and other sea turtles are accidentally caught in fishing nets with tuna and other animals. To date, the interaction between fishing activity, ocean conditions and sea turtle incidental catch in the ETP has been described and quantified, but the factors leading to the interaction of olive ridleys and fishing activity are not well understood. This information is essential for the development of future management strategies that avoid bycatch and incidental captures of sea turtles. We used Generalized additive models (GAM) to analyze the relationship between olive ridley incidental catch per unit effort (iCPUE) in the ETP purse‐seine fisheries and environmental conditions, geographic extent and fishing set type (associated with dolphins, floating objects or in free‐swimming tuna schools). Our results suggest that water temperature, set type and geographic location (latitude, longitude and distance to nesting beaches) are the most important predictor variables to describe the probability of a capture event, with the highest iCPUE observed in sets made over floating objects. With the environmental predictors used, sea surface temperatures (SST) of 26–30°C and chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) concentrations <0.36 mg m^?3 were associated with the highest probability of an incidental catch. Temporally, the highest probability of an incidental catch was observed in the second half of the year (June to December). Four regions were observed as high incidental catch hotspots: North and south of the equator between 0–10°N; 0–10°S and from 120 to 140°W; and along the Colombian coast and surrounding regions.     

Sex change in coral reef fish

Gonadal differentiation can take many forms in fish, ranging from gonochorism, where individuals directly develop as male or female and finally possess only testis or ovaries at sexual maturation, to hermaphroditism where the same individuals can produce mature male and female gametes at some time in their lives. Hermaphrodite fish are, thus, an excellent model for studying the plasticity of sex determination and differentiation in vertebrates. We have shown that sex steroids play a principal role in sex differentiation and sex change in fish. Our laboratory implements several fish models that undergo sex change from female to male or male to female or in both directions. In this review, we will briefly discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of sex change in coral reef fish.     

热带种质在北方早熟春玉米改良中的利用

选用甸骨11A及其导入不同的热带种质及不同的比例和热带种质占25%比例姊妹系共9份材料,以早大黄、红玉米为测验种,采用二因素试验设计,测定了甸骨11A热导系杂交组合的产量和对照优势、农艺性状及自交系农艺性状。结果表明:同一自交系在不同的测验种间表现不同。若用“甸骨11A×早大黄”模式则采用Evt5导入甸骨11A选系效果较好;若用“甸骨11A×红玉米”模式,则用Suwan1导入甸骨11A选系杂交种产量高。Suwan1导入甸骨11A的比例以12.5%～50.0%为宜,其中25%的导入比例综合效果较理想。在Suwan1导入甸骨11A占25%的3个姊妹系间,其杂交种产量和农艺性状及自交系本身的主要性状均有较大差异,表明在导入遗传基础较广泛的热带种质的选系中,保持一定数量的姊妹系是有益的。     

The pelagic habitat analysis module for ecosystem‐based fisheries science and management

We have developed a set of tools that operate within an aquatic geographic information system to improve the accessibility, and usability of remote‐sensed satellite and computer‐modeled oceanographic data for marine science and ecosystem‐based management. The tools form the Pelagic Habitat Analysis Module (PHAM), which can be applied as a modeling platform, an investigative aid in scientific research, or utilized as a decision support system for marine ecological management. Applications include fisheries, marine biology, physical and biological oceanography, and marine spatial management. The GIS provides a home for diverse data types and automated tools for downloading remote sensed and global circulation model data. Within the GIS environment, PHAM provides a framework for seamless interactive four‐dimensional visualization, for matching between disparate data types, for flexible statistic or mechanistic model development, and for dynamic application of user developed models for habitat, density, and probability predictions. Here we describe PHAM in the context of ecosystem‐based fisheries management, and present results from case study projects which guided development. In the first, an analysis of the purse seine fishery for tropical tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean revealed oceanographic drivers of the catch distribution and the influence of climate‐driven circulation patterns on the location of fishing grounds. To support management of the Common Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the California Current Ecosystem, a simple empirical habitat utilization model was developed and used to dynamically predict the seasonal range expansion of common thresher shark based on oceanographic conditions.     

The effect of lime levels on the growth of beans and maize and nodulation of beans in three tropical acid soils

Abstract

A study to investigate the effect of lime on dry matter yield of maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and nodulation of beans grown in three tropical acid soils (two humic Nitosols and one humic Andosol) was carried out in a greenhouse. The soils ranged from 4.2 to 5.0 in pH; 1.74 to 4.56 in %C; 21.0 to 32.0 meq/100g in CEC; 5.10 to 8.10 meq/100g in exchange acidity; 0.60 to 3.20 meq/100g in exchangeable (exch.) Al and 0.13 to 0.67 meq/ 100g in exch. Mn.

Exchange acidity and exch. Al decreased with increasing levels of lime in the three soils. Exchangeable Al was reduced to virtually zero at pH 5.5 even in the soils which had appreciable initial amounts. Exchangeable Mn also decreased with increasing levels of lime in the two Nitolsos. Exceptional results, however, were obtained with the Andosol where exch. Mn increased ten‐fold with the first level of lime and then decreased with subsequent levels.

In all the soils, mean dry matter yield of beans and maize, and mean nodule dry weight of beans generally increased significantly with increasing lime levels up to pH value of 6.0. The dry matter yield of beans and maize, and nodule weight of beans, however, decreased progressively with increasing lime levels beyond pH 6.0 value. pH range of 5.5 to 6.0 was considered optimum for the growth of maize and beans, and nodulation of beans in these soils.     

Phosphate adsorption by soils 1. Influence of time and ionic environment on phosphate adsorption

Abstract

The influence of reaction time and ionic environments, on phosphate adsorption were studied using one calcareous soil from India, and one calcareous and two latosols from Hawaii.

Phosphorus adsorption by soils has a initial rapid phase followed by a slow process. For plant nutrition studies, where emphasis is on P concentration of solutions from which plants derive P, isotherms should be constructed using data obtained after near‐equilibration has been attained. This condition does not obtain in a few hours and may require 6 days or more.

Calcium chloride as suspending electrolyte always gave lower phosphate solubility than when KC1 was used as electrolyte. Phosphate retention increased with increasing ionic strength. The necessity for obtaining clear supernatant solutions and the desirability for maintaining reasonable constant equilibrium conditions make 0.01 M CaCl₂ a reasonable choice for constructing P sorption isotherms, even though 0.01 M CaCl₂ is not representative of Ca concentrations in many soil solutions. Saturation extracts of soils investigated here were in the range 0.0002 to 0.005 M Ca.

Adsorption of calcium by highly weathered soils was high suggesting specific adsorption. Calcium adsorption was increased by phosphate additions to a Hydrandept.     

Performance of simple irrigation scheduling calendars based on average weather data for annual ryegrass

Poor irrigation management in pastures can lead to yield and quality reduction as well as loss of income through extra pumping and leaching of nitrate fertiliser. A number of irrigation scheduling techniques of varying levels of sophistication have been developed over the years to address limited irrigation water availability and maximise productivity. Despite this, the adoption of irrigation scheduling tools by farmers remains low. The objective of this study was to assess the use of simple irrigation scheduling calendars based on average weather data to improve irrigation management in ryegrass. The calibrated Soil Water Balance (SWB) model was used to generate simple irrigation calendars and assess effectiveness for different scenarios by mechanistically simulating water dynamics and pasture growth. Scheduling irrigation using the calendars gave similar irrigation applications, water losses and yields compared to a more scientific real-time scheduling (in response to soil water depletion by the crop). While site-specific irrigation scheduling calendars can easily be generated by consultants and irrigators, even simpler monthly estimates of average daily water use can also be useful. Application of calendars by farmers is encouraged to improve water and nutrient use efficiency of irrigated pastures, if real-time irrigation scheduling is not employed.