聚光太阳能温差发电装置性能分析与试验

为提高太阳能温差发电装置的热电转换效率,该文设计聚光太阳能温差发电装置,利用槽式抛物面反射聚光镜进行聚光,经集热体转换为热能后提高温差发电器(thermoelectric generator,TEG)热端温度,冷端采用扁平热管作为传热元件,利用水冷散热,增大TEG冷热端温差,提高装置输出功率及热电转换效率。对装置建立能量转换平衡方程,通过数值计算分析不同太阳辐射强度对热损失、光热转换效率及热电转换效率的影响。为解决多个热电模块串联在一起,无法使每个模块都工作在最大功率输出状态,从而导致整体输出功率降低的问题,采用集中-分布混合式最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT),试验结果表明,经过MPPT后装置能很快达到最大功率输出点,且输出功率稳定,运行30 min输出功率增加3.2 W。搭建了装置的性能测试平台,对基于槽式抛物面反射聚光与扁平热管水冷散热的聚光太阳能温差发电装置进行试验研究,结果表明,随着冷却水流量的增加装置输出功率得到提高,当冷却水流量达到8 L/min后,输出功率趋于平缓;随着温差的增大装置的最佳匹配负载逐渐增加。装置的全天性能试验表明,试验期间装置最大输出功率为30.1 W,平均输出功率27.8 W,试验期间发出电量222.4 W·h,热电转换效率最大为5.4%,装置最大效率4.1%,该装置在远程传感器供电和微功耗供电等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Seasonal changes in respiration rates of copepodite stage V Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus)

Copepodite stage V Calanus finmarchicus were collected at locations on the continental shelf north of Scotland, in the Faroe–Shetland Channel and west of Ireland on six occasions covering winter, spring and summer from October 1993 to June 1995. Oxygen consumption by the overwintering and active spring/summer population of animals was determined at temperatures close to in situ temperatures. Laboratory measurements of oxygen consumption were also made at standardized temperatures (0°C, 5°C, 7°C and 12.5°C) to determine the sensitivity of animals to temperature change in the different seasons. Rates of oxygen consumption were very low (7–30 μmol O₂ gC⁻¹ h⁻¹) at in situ temperatures during the winter and early spring and significantly higher (105–219 μmol O₂ gC⁻¹ h⁻¹) for the active surface population in May and June. Animals collected from the overwintering population showed no significant response to changes in temperature. Due to the low respiration rates, the calculated rate of decrease in carbon content in diapausing copepodite stage CV was very low (approximately 0.250 μgC day⁻¹). The respiration rates were used to construct a model to estimate survival of the animals with an initial carbon content equivalent to that expected of animals in October. The results showed that in order to survive during winter and have enough energy for moulting and migration to the surface in the spring, these animals have to live at temperatures close to 0°C and be in a diapause state.     

南沙群岛重点岛礁潟湖微型浮游动物的群落结构与摄食

潟湖是岛礁生物多样性演变的重要环境场,在岛礁水生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥重要作用,而微型浮游动物的生态功能研究是解析南沙群岛岛礁水域潟湖生态系统初级生产力组成、流向、能量流动效率的重要研究内容之一。实验通过对南沙群岛重点岛礁渚碧礁、美济礁与永暑礁潟湖表层水域中微型浮游动物与生态环境调查,研究了其群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,并通过稀释培养实验研究了微型浮游动物的摄食压力。结果显示,调查水域共发现微型浮游动物20种,总丰度的范围为320～1 460个/L,以无壳纤毛虫丰度最高。无壳纤毛虫在渚碧礁潟湖西部水域（ZB-1）丰度最高,砂壳纤毛虫峰值则出现在永暑礁潟湖中部水域（YS-3）,桡足类幼体丰度最大值出现在美济礁潟湖北部水域（MJ-2）。聚类分析结果显示,3个岛礁潟湖中部区域的微型浮游动物群落相似度较高,溶解氧是影响群落结构的最重要因素,特别是对MJ-3站位影响最为突出。摄食实验结果显示,3个岛礁潟湖水域浮游植物生长率为0.22～1.36 d^-1;微型浮游动物摄食率范围为0.22～0.60 d^-1,微型浮游动物每天约摄食浮游植物现存量的...     

苹果树腐烂病发生与土壤养分关系的研究

[目的]探讨川西高原苹果主产区苹果树腐烂病发生程度与土壤大量元素的含量及元素间的平衡关系.[方法]在川西高原苹果主产县盐源县选取苹果树腐烂病发生程度不同的24个果园,调查苹果树腐烂病发生程度,测定发病树盘下土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,研究苹果树腐烂病发生与土壤营养成分的关系.[结果]苹果树腐烂病发生程度与土壤营养水平有明显相关性,土壤钾含量与腐烂病的发生程度呈极显著负相关,元素间平衡与腐烂病发生程度关系密切(病情指数与N/K和P/K均呈显著正相关).[结论]为控制该区域苹果树腐烂病发生,应控氮,增磷、钾,同时重视有机肥的施用.     

半干旱气候区优质高效酿酒葡萄栽培技术

从整地、品种选择、苗木定植、树体管理、病虫害防治、采收、埋土越冬等方面介绍了半干旱气候区青铜峡市酿酒葡萄提质增效的栽培技术。     

苏南平原稻田灌排水系统中氮磷平衡状况

应用大型原状模拟土柱,对苏南平原典型稻田灌排水系统中,养分的输入输出平衡状况进行定位监测和分析。初步结果表明:稻田生态系统每季水分消耗量在890~1 320 mm之间。稻田能净化灌溉水中养分,不同施肥处理稻田对NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP的净化量分别为10.7~12.3、6.8~9.2和-1.2~2.0kg hm-2。稻田养分淋溶量随着施肥量的增加而增加,但养分净化量与化肥用量之间没有很好的相关性,秸秆对养分净化量的影响不明显,而猪粪明显降低了稻田养分净化量,甚至成为周围水体磷素污染源。稻田对灌溉水中的NH4+-N在整个水稻生长期间均起到净化作用,对NO3--N在水稻生长初期有淋溶风险,而对TP,除了猪粪处理,稻田均呈现出净化作用。     

应用低能离子束将抗菌肽ShivaA基因导入恢复系明恢63的研究(简报)

利用低能离子束介导转基因法于 1993年首次获得成功 ,本研究通过这一技术将抗菌肽ShivaA基因导入水稻恢复系明恢6 3成熟胚中 ,经过诱导愈伤和绿苗分化 ,并再生植株 ,经PCR检测分析证明外源基因已整合到再生植株基因组中。     

真空微波和冷冻干燥组合降低胡萝卜片的干燥能耗

为减少脱水蔬菜冷冻干燥过程的能耗,以胡萝卜片为试材,采用真空微波和冷冻干燥组合的工艺,即先微波真空后冻干（组合Ⅰ）和先冻干后微波真空干燥（组合Ⅱ）。组合Ⅰ的优化参数为：真空微波阶段微波功率密度1.6 w/g,脱去40个百分点的湿基水,冻干阶段升华干燥4 h,解析干燥3 h;组合Ⅱ的优化参数为：冻干阶段升华干燥7 h;真空微波干燥功率密度选1.0 w/g以下,采用温度控制模式。所干燥胡萝卜片的β-胡萝卜素保留率和复水率等与纯冻干产品接近,体积保留率比纯冻干稍小,但仍能保持平直的外形;2种组合干燥工艺比纯冻干分别节能47.0%和54.2%,且干燥时间可缩短一半。     

Effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Siluriformes, Bagridae, Pelteobagrus)

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco . Nine diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (30%, 36% and 42%), each with three carbohydrate levels (24%, 30% and 36%). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial mean body weight: 8.24±0.20 g) in indoor flow – through fibreglass tanks. The experiment continued for 8 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate were similar for the fish fed the 36% and 42% protein diets but higher than that fed the 30% protein diet. At the 36% protein level, carbohydrate contents varying from 24% to 36% ( P / E ratio of 24.0–28.2 mg protein kJ⁻¹) had no significant effects on growth performance and feed utilization ( P >0.05). Protein efficiency ratio tended to increase with dietary carbohydrate level at the same protein level. Dietary treatments significantly influenced body composition ( P <0.05), but not the condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio ( P >0.05). Based on these observations, 36% protein and 24–36% carbohydrate with the P / E ratio of 24.0–28.2 mg protein kJ⁻¹ seemed suitable for optimal growth and feed utilization, and carbohydrate could cause protein-sparing effect in diets for juvenile yellow catfish.