三维激光扫描系统在林业中的应用研究

该文介绍了三维激光扫描系统的组成、工作原理及仪器的性能指标、特点和操作方法.通过甘肃省小陇山林区实验,首次将三维激光扫描系统引入林业调查.通过三维激光扫描仪获取单株立木空间点云数据,利用软件建立了立木三维模型.从三维模型上可直接量测立木树高、胸径、冠幅和计算立木材积,利用获取的材积可进一步建立立木材积方程和编制立木材积表.通过与伐倒木实测数据对比,采用该系统获取的测树因子和立木材积均满足林业调查的精度要求.研究表明,采用三维激光扫描系统可实现对疏林单株立木的无损伤、高效、精准监测,可在森林资源调查中应用.     

传统农业文化的生态维度与现代复归

近代以来,工业文明的过度发展导致了环境恶化、资源枯竭、人性危机以至于生态危机,因而建设一种新型生态文明成为世界各国共识。基于农耕文明的中国传统文化注重生态平衡、追求“天人合一”,追求人与自然的和谐共存,具有深刻的生态意识。因此,21世纪,中国传统农业文化在更高层面上的多元复归,能为世界的生态文明建设作出贡献。     

1995-2015年三峡库区土地利用变化分形研究

运用分形理论从空间形态视角基于分形维数模型对1995-2015年三峡库区土地利用变化进行分形研究.结果表明:①1995-2015年研究区土地利用斑块分形维数均小于临界值1.5,分形维数平均值由1.162 1下降至1.126 6,整体空间形态随时间变化趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定;②1995-2015年,耕地斑块分形维数呈增加趋势,空间形态趋于不规则,空间结构趋于不稳定,林地、水域和草地分形维数呈降低趋势,空间形态趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定;③建设用地和未利用地分形维数呈"先升后降"趋势,由于上升幅度均小于下降幅度,因而建设用地和未利用地空间形态整体趋于规则,空间结构趋于稳定.     

兰州市市区景观生态格局特征分析

基于景观生态学理论,利用兰州市市区遥感影像数据和Fragstats软件,在GIS技术支持下,综合选取多样性、破碎度、均匀度、优势度、分离度等景观格局指数,从斑块格局、区域景观格局等方面进行景观生态研究.结果表明:兰州市市区林草地占总面积的45%,构成区域景观的基质;区域内景观多样性分布具有较好的空间结构,多样性指数城关区最高为1.447,均匀度七里河区最高为0.811;区域中人工景观斑块形状规则,分布均匀,自然景观分维数较高,其中荒草地分维数1.443;受人为影响,农业景观类型破碎度较高,大量耕地转变为建设用地和林地;城市人均绿地9.47m2,但绿地斑块分布散乱,生态效益低;各类型绿地斑块之间缺少较好的生态廊道,格局连接性较低;分离度城关区为0.015、七里河区为0.045、西固区0.037、安宁区为0.021.     

“大规格绿化苗木”批量检验方法初探

近年来,随着我国城市及道路绿化的建设发展,对工程质量及苗木规格要求不断提高,"大规格绿化苗木"在许多绿化工程中得到广泛应用。由于此类苗木单价高,几乎占了整个工程造价的一半以上,在工程管理中稍有不慎,便会给整个工程质量造成极大的影响。本文就传统的检验方法与新的检验方法实效进行对比分析,并结合多来年绿化工程施工及管理工作的实践经验,就"大规格绿化苗木"的批量检验方法及其应用作一探讨。     

落叶松规格材加工利用技术研究

介绍"十一五"国家科技支撑计划"高强度结构材加工利用技术"课题中,对我国主要的商品林树种之一——落叶松,在规格材的优化加工、分级、无损检测、强度性能测试及木构件连接等关键技术研究方面,取得的重点创新成果。这些成果开创性地解决了我国利用国产资源加工结构用规格材的关键性和共性技术问题,并且为我国落叶松资源的高效利用,提供了新的技术途径。     

南川百合与泸定百合种群格局分形特征的分析

本文应用计盒维数和信息维数比较分析了南川百合与泸定百合种群的空间分布格局及其分形特征。研究显示，南川百合与泸定百合种群的计盒维数和信息维数均较小（〈1．5，远离2），说明其占据生态空间的能力和格局强度都不大，体现其在群落中的劣势伴生地位。在2006年，南川百合各种群的平均计盒维数（0．7232）比泸定百合（0．7734）小0．0502，而其平均信息维数（0．4179）却比泸定百合（0．2381）大0．1798，这些数据表明，南川百合种群占据生态空间的能力比泸定百合弱，但其种群格局强度要比泸定百合种群大得多。在高温干旱的2006年，这两种百合的计盒维数与2005年相比都有所减少，信息维数都有所增加，但南川百合种群计盒维数的减少比例（13．87％）大于泸定百合（8．97％），约为泸定百合的1．54倍，其信息维数的增加比例（6．830%）却小于泸定百合（33．02%），泸定百合种群信息维数的增加量是南川百合种群的4．98倍，这些数据表明，高温干旱天气对这两种百合的生长均有影响；泸定百合的抗热抗旱能力要高于南川百合，南川百合更易受高温干旱天气的伤害。由于人为干扰和气候等环境因子的变化，南川百合和泸定百合均出现濒危迹象，此外，因南川百合抗热抗旱性能不强、占据生态空间能力弱等，导致其更加处于濒危状态，应尽快加以保护。     

Contributions of Extractives and Lignin to the Fractal Geometry of Internal Wood Surfaces

Internal wood surfaces can be treated as fractals, which are between Euclidean geometry and complete randomness. The fractal dimension Dfs is very informative in investigating the roughness of the internal surfaces of wood. In this study, the water sorption isotherms, including adsorption and desorption isotherm, of untreated, benzene-alcohol extracted and delignified (after benzene-alcohol extracted) spruce (Cuninghamia lanceolata) were measured at 30℃. On the basis of these isotherms, the Dfs values were calculated by FHH equation, which is based on multimolecular sorption. The results showed that both groups of Dfs values (respectively calculated from adsorption and desorption isotherms) of untreated, benzene-alcohol extracted and delignified wood have same order, that is, untreated > benzene-alcohol extracted - delignified. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that the benzene-alcohol extractives have significant contribution to the fractal geometry of internal wood surfaces. Lignin also has influ     

Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7-2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2-2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

Impacts of fractal features of soil on moisture infiltration capacity of typical stands in Jinyun mountain of Chongqing city

The soil structure was expressed with fractal dimensions of particle size distribution (PSD), aggregate size distribution (ASD), and soil pore size distribution (SPD). The effect of soil fractal features on soil infiltration velocity and process was studied. The result of the fractal feature shows that fractal dimensions of PSD are obviously greater than those of ASD and SPD, and in different soil genetic horizons, the fractal dimension of ASD has the greatest variability, and shows a downtrend on the top-to-bottom genetic horizon. According to the soil infiltration process curve, the infiltration process was divided into three phases: (1) the initial phase (0–5 min), (2) the transition phase (5–30 min), and (3) the stable phase (30–180 min). In the initial phase of infiltration, the soil structure of soil genetic horizon A was the major influencing factor; in the transition phase of infiltration, the pore distribution of soil horizon AB and soil structure of horizon B were the major influencing factors; in the stable phase of infiltration, the soil structure of horizon C was the major influencing factor to the infiltration velocity. Soil infiltration process is influenced comprehensively by soil PSD, ASD, and SPD. In the overall soil water infiltration, the infiltration in shrub forest land was much faster than that in other land uses, and in the initial infiltration phase, arable land soil infiltration was much faster than that in forest land, and in the stable infiltration phase, the infiltration velocity in forest land was faster than that in arable land. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(3): 73–78 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]