干旱胁迫下外源山梨醇对平邑甜茶耐旱性影响

测定了干旱胁迫下外源喷施50 mg/L和100 mg/L山梨醇后平邑甜茶叶片光合特性、叶片水势和新梢生长速率.结果表明:叶面喷施山梨醇可以改善受胁迫植株的光合状况,减缓叶片水势下降,减轻新梢生长受抑,提高植株耐旱性.     

行星齿轮架孔系加工的车床夹具设计

以一典型零件为例,介绍一种使用专用工艺装备加工孔系的加工方法及工艺装备设计.同时分析了加工过程中误差产生的原因及解决措施.对于中小企业和非专业厂家来说.能利用现有设备资源进行挖潜改造不失为一种投资省、见效快而且切实可行的有效途径.     

盐胁迫下大豆耐盐性与籽粒化学品质的关系

在不同盐浓度胁迫下，研究了不同耐盐类型大豆品种耐盐性的表现和耐盐性与籽粒化学品质的关系。在14－15ds/m低盐浓度下大豆籽粒蛋白质，脂肪含量降低，18－20ds/m高盐浓度下蛋白质含量极显著提高，脂肪含量极显著降低，高盐浓度对蛋白质的胁迫效应和方向与低浓度相反。在低盐浓度下棕榈酸，亚油酸降低，油酸，硬脂酸,亚麻酸相对含量对IUFA（脂肪酸不饱和指数）提高。高盐浓度下油酸提高，其它脂肪酸降低，耐盐品种的油酸，亚油酸变化方向与敏感品种相反。相同盐浓度对不同耐盐类型品种作用效应不同，耐盐 蛋白质，亚油酸，亚麻酸含量及IUFA高于盐敏感品种，品质优于敏感品种。相关分析表明，大豆蛋白质，亚麻酸，亚油酸与IUFA呈极显著正相关，脂肪及油酸与IUFA极显著负相关。同一性状在不同盐浓度下相关方向有异同。     

全周期间作模式胶园内间作生姜的生长及抗性生理特征

研究南北行向的全周期间作模式胶园宽行间间作生姜的生长及其抗逆生理变化。结果表明：在宽行中间12 m宽的区域内,不同位置间作的生姜产量间存在一定差异,以宽行东侧约3 m宽区域的生姜株高、茎粗和叶片SPAD值表现最好,产量最高,其次为西侧区域,在宽行中间6 m宽的区域则不适宜生姜生长;不同位置间作生姜叶片的游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体上无显著性变化(P＞0.05)。综上所述,在全周期间作模式胶园宽行中靠近橡胶树的两侧较适宜生姜种植(特别是东侧),不同位置间作对生姜抗逆生理的影响不大。     

干旱胁迫下山栏稻与栽培水稻品种苗期表型性状及生理差异

测定了在干旱胁迫条件下,山栏稻苗期的株高、叶面积等农艺性状以及叶片脯氨酸含量、MDA含量等生理指标,采用隶属函数法评估山栏稻抗旱能力。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,山栏稻降低了地上部分的生物量并增加了地下部分的生物量,同时,山栏稻叶绿素含量、MDA含量以及脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的提高;所选山栏稻品种的隶属函数值为0.521和0.673。综合实验数据和田间观察,初步判断山栏稻苗期具有较强的抗旱特性。     

低温驯化及封冻阶段不同冬小麦品种叶绿素荧光参数的比较

为了解小麦品种的抗寒机制,对抗寒品种东农冬麦1号和对照品种济麦22在低温驯化及封冻阶段植株的叶绿素荧光参数进行测定和分析.结果表明,低温驯化阶段对照品种济麦22新叶的最大荧光产量(Fm)、PSⅡ最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产量(yield)、光化学淬灭(qP)显著高于东农冬麦1号,低温驯化结束后济麦22的这些参数迅速降低,显著低于东农冬麦1号新叶相应的值;调查期内东农冬麦1号新叶的初始荧光(Fo)变化稳定,降幅为26.2%,济麦22新叶Fo的降幅为52.8%;两品种老叶的荧光参数值变化趋势接近一致,低温驯化结束后东农冬麦1号老叶的Fm、qN、qP值显著高于济麦22老叶相应的值.在生产上可以利用叶绿素荧光参数对品种抗寒性进行鉴定,鉴定时期为低温驯化期结束、封冻期开始时,鉴定的部位应为植株新叶.     

花生幼苗期耐盐品种的筛选与评价

研究以花生幼苗的相对主根长、相对苗高、相对地上部鲜重、相对根鲜重、相对地上部干重、相对根干重等为指标,鉴定了49份花生品种的耐盐性。结果表明,不同浓度NaCl胁迫对幼苗各个性状都有不同程度的抑制效应,其中,除干重以外,0.5%NaCl及以上浓度胁迫条件下所有性状受到盐害的明显抑制。以0.5%NaCl处理条件下的相对主根长、相对苗高等6个性状作为耐盐评价指标,筛选出4份耐盐品种和2份盐害敏感品种,为进一步开展耐盐花生品种的培育以及耐盐机制研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Regulation of root-to-leaf Na and Cl transport and its association with photosynthetic activity in salt-tolerant soybean genotypes

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major constraint to sustainable crop production. Genetic improvements are needed for growing soybean in salinity-prone environments. Salt-tolerant soybean genotypes alleviate a reduction in photosynthesis and growth under saline conditions; however, the detailed mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we aimed to clarify how Na and Cl root-to-leaf transport is quantitatively regulated, and to identify whether photosynthetic tolerance depends on traits associated with either stomata or with mesophyll tissues. Two pairs of pot-grown soybean near-isogenic lines (NILs) consisting of tolerant and susceptible counterparts, derived from a cross between salt-tolerant FT-Abyara and salt-sensitive C01, were subjected to salinity treatment in a rainout greenhouse. Comparison of photosynthetic responses between genotypes indicated that genotypic differences in salinity tolerance depended on the ability for sustained CO₂ assimilation in mesophyll tissues, rather than stomatal conductance. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to intercellular CO₂ concentration (A/Ci) declined exponentially with increasing Na and Cl concentration regardless of genotype, but tolerant genotypes effectively kept both elements at significantly low levels. Under saline conditions, tolerant genotypes reduced Na and Cl content at the two transport pathways: from root to stem, and from stem to leaf, but the reduction of Cl at each pathway was only minor. These results suggest that integrating genetic capacity for Cl transport regulation and osmotic adjustment should be an important target in salinity-tolerance soybean breeding.     

Genetic studies for breeding of rice cultivars with superior grain appearance and lodging resistance from the rice cultivar ‘Emi-no-kizuna’

ABSTRACT

We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of grain appearance (GA) and agronomic traits of rice, using 128 recombinant inbred lines derived from ‘Emi-no-kizuna’ and ‘Tomohonami’. We detected two promising QTLs associated with GA: qGA4 on chromosome 4 and qGA8 on chromosome 8. qGA4 contributed highly to the greater percentage of perfect grains of the Emi-no-kizuna genotype. In the same region, we detected other QTLs associated with panicle number and spikelet number per panicle. In near-isogenic lines (NILs) in which Emi-no-kizuna alleles were introgressed in the genomic region of only the semi-dwarf 1 (sd1) locus (NIL_1) and both the sd1 locus and qGA8 (NIL_2), respectively, the percentage of perfect grains was significantly higher and the percentages of milky white, basal white, and white back grains were significantly lower than in Tomohonami; and the percentages of milky white and white back grains of NIL_2 were significantly lower than those of NIL_1. These results suggest that introgression in the sd1 region could improve GA, and that the addition of qGA8 could further improve GA. The culm lengths of the NILs were significantly shorter than that of Tomohonami, indicating improved lodging resistance. Grain weight of NIL_2 was significantly smaller than that of NIL_1, suggesting that the effect of qGA8 could be pleiotropic, or the gene that underlies qGA8 could be linked with genes associated with grain weight.

Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; AT20: mean air temperature in the 20 days after heading; BW: basal white grain; CL: culm length; DAH: days after heading; GA: grain appearance; GW: 1000-grain weight; LOD: logarithm of odds; MW: milky white grain; NIL: near-isogenic line; PG: perfect grain; PL: panicle length; PN: panicle number; PTSN: putative total spikelet number; PVE: percentage of phenotypic variation explained; QTL: quantitative trait locus; RIL: recombinant inbred line; SN: spikelet number per panicle; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; WB: white back grain     

大豆种子发芽期耐旱性鉴定的适宜PEG-6000浓度筛选

以抗旱性不同的3个大豆品种(湘豆3号、Lee68和宁镇1号)为试材,研究了不同浓度(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%)的PEG-6000模拟发芽期干旱胁迫对大豆种子发芽、子叶苗膜脂过氧化以及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明:10%以下的PEG-6000能起引发作用,促进大豆种子的萌发,显著提高发芽势和发芽率;随着PEG-6000浓度的升高,大豆种子的发芽明显受抑制,当PEG-6000浓度大于25%时抑制更明显,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和简易活力指数显著下降;随着PEG-6000浓度的升高,大豆子叶苗中的丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著增加,PEG-6000浓度在15%~25%间增加幅度最大,PEG-6000浓度小于15%或大于25%时增加不明显。综合种子发芽、子叶苗的膜脂过氧化程度以及渗透调节物质含量的变化,可初步确定室内采用PEG-6000浸种法模拟干旱胁迫鉴定大豆发芽期耐旱性的适宜浓度为20%~25%。