Cost minimization through the use of taungya system in pulpwood plantation establishment

The costs and benefits of the use of three labour alternatives: direct permanent, direct casual and taungya labour in Gmelina arborea pulpwood plantation establishment in Nigeria were investigated. Results show that cost per hectare is lowest with taungya labour and highest with permanent labour with savings in cost of as much as 30% and 47% by taungya labour over casual and permanent labour respectively. The net present value per hectare of investment is highest when taungya labour is used and lowest and negative with permanent labour. Also, the internal rate of return of investment is highest with taungya labour and lowest with permanent labour. The net present values and internal rates of return for Gmelina plantations calculated for the three pulp and paper mills in Nigeria show the same trend in favour of taungya labour.     

基于超高压处理的猕猴桃原浆制备研究

为优化猕猴桃超高压灭菌条件下原浆制作工艺,对3种不同原浆制作工艺分别进行单因素优化试验,筛选出两种产品色泽和稳定性较好的工艺,并对这两种工艺所制作样品进行4℃储藏40 d的品质对比。结果表明,在最大程度保留猕猴桃原浆绿色,提高其稳定性的条件下,3种工艺的优选次序为：对辊式挤压制浆>胶体磨制浆>高压微射流制浆;与胶体磨工艺相比,对辊式挤压工艺制作的产品在4℃条件下储藏30 d内无明显的自然分层,产品VC损失较少;优化后的制浆工艺为：采用对辊式挤压工艺,挤压次数为1次。按照该工艺制作的猕猴桃原浆色泽相对均一,以青绿色为主,VC含量为40～50 mg/100 g。     

Optimisation of oxygen delignification in production of totally chlorine-free cellulose pulps from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre

The effects of oxygen delignification on prehydrolysed-soda pulps produced from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunch fibre were statistically investigated by employing response surface methodology (RSM). Polynomial estimation models of five response variables namely yield, Kappa number, α-cellulose, viscosity and brightness were developed, each model comprised of four-independent variables: reaction temperature, reaction time, the alkali charge, and initial Kappa number. The calculated optimum condition (95 °C reaction temperature, 60 min reaction time, 2% alkali charge, and initial Kappa number of 6.6) is capable to produce pulp with 98.1% yield, Kappa number 2.4, 97.38% α-cellulose, pulp viscosity 13.8 cPs and ISO brightness 67.1%, which were proven close to the predicted values calculated from estimation models. The results indicated that oxygen delignification which is used as the first stage of bleaching sequence has the ability to both delignify and increase pulp brightness without substantial reduction in viscosity and α-cellulose, that appeared to be beneficial for subsequent TCF bleaching.     

木聚糖酶在稻草浆漂白中的应用

分别采用真菌和细菌木聚糖酶对碱法稻草浆进行漂白处理,结果表明,在细菌木聚糖酶处理时,随着酶用量的增加,白度和强度都相应有所增加,但经过次氯酶盐补漂后,真菌木聚糖酶比细菌木聚糖对白度提高更有效。     

‘长富2号’苹果果实类黄酮组成和含量研究

采用反相高效液相色谱法对‘长富2号’苹果果皮和果肉中的类黄酮进行了测定,并对6个产地‘长富2号’苹果的类黄酮组成与含量进行了比较研究。结果表明:果皮含4类16种类黄酮,总含量810.12～1304.59mg·kg-(1黄酮醇占58.3%～73.1%);果肉含3类11种类黄酮,总含量79.87～124.88mg·kg-1(黄烷醇占67.5%～85.5%);果肉中各种类黄酮含量均很低,特别是黄酮醇,含量仅为果皮的0.1%～3.1%;6个产地‘长富2号’苹果所含类黄酮种类完全相同,产地间果皮黄酮醇液相色谱指纹图谱相似度高达0.922～0.990;不同产地间类黄酮含量多有明显差异(P0.05),陕西白水样品果皮中类黄酮含量最高而果肉中最低,河北昌黎样品果皮类黄酮含量最低,山东牟平样品果肉类黄酮含量最高;平均单果含类黄酮35.14mg,其中,果皮类黄酮占41.3%,果肉类黄酮占58.7%。     

苹果果肉颜色及褐变多样性研究

为了评价苹果品种在果实鲜切后果肉颜色变化及褐变程度,寻找抗褐变品种,选用40个品种的果实进行了果肉颜色和褐变多样性的研究,并进行差异显著性和聚类分析。结果表明：苹果果肉颜色可分为黄、白、绿3种;初始色泽为黄色的切分1 h后大部分变为黄褐色;初始色泽为绿色和白色的,切分1 h后一般呈灰褐色,也有的呈黄褐色;苹果果实切分后褐变现象普遍发生,表型多样,品种间差异较大,而且成熟期越晚褐变渐轻。苹果品种华红、华冠是优良的抗褐变种质资源。     

西洋参果肉对种胚生长的抑制作用

本试验研究了西洋参种子成熟后,果肉的存在对其种胚形态后熟的影响。从种子成熟到胚成熟阶段,果肉包被种子能对种胚生长有很强的抑制作用。试验证明,西洋参果实采收后,以不同的时间除去果肉,对胚率和烂籽率有不同程度的影响,从而证实,西洋参果实采收后,应该立即除去果肉。     

碱性木聚糖酶在中小径竹KP浆漂白中的应用

探讨碱性木聚糖酶用于中小径竹KP浆漂白预处理的最佳工艺条件及碱性木聚糖酶预处理对中小径竹KP浆ECF漂白的影响.结果表明,碱性木聚糖酶Unikfect 100处理浆的最佳工艺为:浆浓度4%,pH值9.0,温度65℃,时间20 min,酶用量15.0×10-7 mol·s-1g-1浆;对ECF漂白的影响为:O-X-D1-EOP-D2漂序的漂白效果优于O-D/C-EOP-D2,在白度相近的情况下,纸浆的粘度及物理强度较高.     

铈盐引发阔叶浆与GMA接枝共聚的研究

研究了铈盐引发体系引发漂白化学桉木浆与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)的接枝共聚.用接枝率、环氧基含量和环氧基水解率评价了体系pH值、反应温度和时间、引发剂浓度和单体浓度对接枝效果的影响,并用红外光谱对接枝产物进行了分析鉴定.结果表明:控制体系pH值在1.3,适当提高反应温度、延长反应时间、增加引发剂浓度和单体浓度,都能提高接枝率;在适当的条件下,可合成接枝率高碄100%、环氧基含量达1.4～2.7mmol/g的接枝纤维;与此同时接枝纤维也存在一定程度的环氧基开环水解反应.     

酒糟等有机物料对黑钙土的培肥效果

本文主要研究了酒糟、甜菜糖渣等4种有机物料对黑钙土的培肥效果。结果表明:酒糟的碳氮比适宜,可以直接施用;而甜菜糖渣在施用前必须进行预处理。两者对提高土壤肥力和作物产量均有好的效果,但也各有特点。酒糟以增氮为主,复合系数较高,对紧结合态腐殖质和胡敏酸的贡献较大;而甜菜糖渣则以增磷为主,复合系数较小,对提高松结合状态腐殖质和富里酸更为有利。