用有限元法分析木材中的温度分布

在木材应用中,了解温度在木材中的分布情况,掌握木材在受热时的温度场,才能有效地控制解冻,才能对干燥和防腐问题进行深入的研究,才能合理使用建筑围护材料。近年来,随着计算机应用和计算技术的发展,用数值方法求解木材中的热传导问题将成为有效、实用的方法。在许多种数值方法中,有限差分法和有限元法是目前较为成熟和用得普遍的方法。其中的有限元法是对古典近似计算的归纳和总结,它吸取了有限差     

Effect of climate change on Spodoptera litura Fab. on peanut: A life table approach

Investigations were conducted to understand the direct effects of rising temperature and the host-mediated effects of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). This study involved i. the construction of life tables of S. litura at six constant temperatures viz., 20, 25, 27, 30, 33 and 35°C ± 0.5 °C reared on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown under eCO₂ (550 ppm) concentration in open top chambers ii. Estimation of threshold temperatures and thermal constants and iii. Prediction of the pest scenarios during near and distant future climate change periods. Significantly lower leaf nitrogen, higher carbon and a higher relative proportion of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) were observed in peanut foliage grown under eCO₂ over ambient CO₂ (aCO₂). The mean development time (days) of each stage, egg, larva, pupa, pre-oviposition and total life span decreased from 20 to 35 °C temperature on eCO₂ foliage. The thermal requirement of S. litura from egg to egg (within the range of 20 °C–35 °C) was 538.5 DD on eCO₂ as against 494.5 DD on aCO₂ foliage. Finite (λ) and intrinsic rates of increase (r_m), net reproductive rate (R_o), mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) of S. litura varied significantly with temperature and CO₂ and were found to have quadratic relationships with temperature. The present results on life table parameters estimated by the bootstrap technique showed that the ‘r_m’ values of S. litura on eCO₂ foliage were higher than those in the literature indicating a significant influence of eCO₂. The reduction of ‘T’ was noticed from a maximum of 50 days at 20 °C to minimum of 22 days at 35 °C and ‘λ’ which is the indicator of reproductive value of new eggs was highest at 35 °C and showed a negative relationship with temperature. The data on these life table parameters were plotted against temperature and two non-linear models developed for both CO₂ conditions and used for predicting the pest scenarios. Prediction of pest scenarios based on PRECIS A1B emission scenario data at eleven peanut growing locations of the country during near future (NF) and distant future (DF) climate change periods showed an increase of ‘r_m’ and ‘λ’ with varied ‘R_o’ and reduced ‘T’. The present results indicate that temperature and CO₂ are vital in influencing the growth and life table parameters of S. litura and that pest incidence is likely to be higher in the future.     

运用EOS／MODIS资料对银川城市热场的遥感分析

采用一种基于MODIS遥感资料和地面自动气象站(AWS)观测数据反演地表温度(LST)的统计方法,得出银川市四季各典型月份晴空地表的热场在季节、空间上的二维分布;通过对热场强度的研究,得出银川主城区夏季存在明显"热岛"效应,冬季存在明显"冷岛"效应的初步分析结果;通过对LST与植被指数间的关系分析研究得出:银川植被生长季LST与归一化植被指数呈负相关关系,且线性关系明显,R2值可达0.7。另外,反演结果还显示了贺兰山东麓山前在夏季,存在明显的高温区,结合对植被指数的分布研究,表明这里植被少,覆盖度低,下垫面主要以砾石为主。     

基于相对热效应的大棚蟠桃发育期预测模型研究

为了研究温度对蟠桃发育期的影响,以相对热效应为预测指标,建立了蟠桃发育期预测模型,并采用独立的试验资料对模型进行检验。结果表明,温室蟠桃花芽膨大期到开花期、开花期到展叶期、展叶期到硬核期、硬核期到成熟期4个阶段所需的相对热效应分别为14.11、10.54、18.37、12.52,其相对热效应模型法回归估计标准误（RMSE）分别为1.13、2.04、4.36、5.51 d,且预测精度明显高于有效积温模型法（RMSE分别为3.36、5.37、11.79、15.28 d）。     

不同金属离子和还原剂对落叶松松塔原花青素热稳定性影响的研究

[目的]研究落叶松松塔原花青素的热稳定性,建立原花青素变化的动力学模型。[方法]以落叶松松塔为原料,通过添加几种食品中常见的金属离子(Mg2+、Zn2+、Fe2+)和还原剂(NaHSO3),探讨了落叶松松塔中原花青素的热稳定性和降解情况。[结果]Mg2+、Zn2+或Fe2+的存在不利于原花青素的热稳定性,其降解反应活化能分别为15.01、27.88、21.60 kJ/mol,反应符合一级动力学模型(R20.744 4);NaHSO3的存在会提高原花青素的热稳定性,反应符合一级动力学模型(R20.656 3),其降解活化能为36.36 kJ/mol。并建立起几种条件下的原花青素的降解动力学模型,通过验证表明模型与实测值拟合程度好。[结论]该研究为落叶松松塔原花青素保质期和残留率的预测提供了科学依据。     

Evaluating biodegradability of soil organic matter by its thermal stability and chemical composition

The stability of soil organic matter (SOM) as it relates to resistance to microbial degradation has important implications for nutrient cycling, emission of greenhouse gases, and C sequestration. Hence, there is interest in developing new ways to quantify and characterise the labile and stable forms of SOM. Our objective in this study was to evaluate SOM under widely contrasting management regimes to determine whether the variation in chemical composition and resistance to pyrolysis observed for various constituent C fractions could be related to their resistance to decomposition. Samples from the same soil under permanent pasture, an arable cropping rotation, and chemical fallow were physically fractionated (sand: 2000-50 μm; silt: 50-5 μm, and clay: <5 μm). Biodegradability of the SOM in size fractions and whole soils was assessed in a laboratory mineralization study. Thermal stability was determined by analytical pyrolysis using a Rock-Eval pyrolyser, and chemical composition was characterized by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the C and N K-edges. Relative to the pasture soil, SOM in the arable and fallow soils declined by 30% and 40%, respectively. The mineralization bioassay showed that SOM in whole soil and soil fractions under fallow was less susceptible to biodegradation than that in other management practices. The SOM in the sand fraction was significantly more biodegradable than that in the silt or clay fractions. Analysis by XANES showed a proportional increase in carboxylates and a reduction in amides (protein) and aromatics in the fallow whole soil compared to the pasture and arable soils. Moreover, protein depletion was greatest in the sand fraction of the fallow soil. Sand fractions in fallow and arable soils were, however, relatively enriched in plant-derived phenols, aromatics, and carboxylates compared to the sand fraction of pasture soils. Analytical pyrolysis showed distinct differences in the thermal stability of SOM among the whole soil and their size fractions; it also showed that the loss of SOM generally involved preferential degradation of H-rich compounds. The temperature at which half of the C was pyrolyzed was strongly correlated with mineralizable C, providing good evidence for a link between the biological and thermal stability of SOM.     

Phenological development in spring cereals: response to temperature and photoperiod under northern conditions

Phenological development of spring cereals was investigated using observations from several sites in Finland during the period 1970–1990. Different mathematical models which relate temperature to development rate were examined to predict the duration of phenological phases. A photoperiodic response of plant development before heading was also tested. For all phases the relationship between temperature and development was approximately linear. There was no significant response of plant development to photoperiod. This was explained by consistently long photoperiods in the observational material. Parameters for a linear model were derived from a regression analysis of mean development rate of each phase against mean temperature. However, a different response may occur under higher or lower temperatures or under shorter photoperiods than those experienced here.     

二氧化碳基塑料降解性能的研究

[目的]研究二氧化碳基塑料的降解性能.[方法]以PPC为原料,通过生物降解、热氧化降解和光降解研究了PPC的降解性能.利用乌式粘度计测定了降解过程中PPC塑料的分子量变化;利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪表征了降解过程中PPC的红外光谱特性.[结果]PPC薄膜在27℃恒温培养箱中生物降解15 d后,降解效果明显.180℃热氧化降解36 h,PPC塑料的分子量减少了63％.光氧化降解5d后,PPC塑料的分子量减少了约85％.[结论]与生物降解相比,PPC塑料的热氧化和光降解程度更为明显.     

谷物导热系数测试的研究

探讨了热线法测试谷物导热系数的原理和方法。该法测试时间短,试样温升小,测试过程中试样物性变化小,测试结果可准确地反映谷物的实际状况。用所设计的测试系统,测试了几种谷物不同状态下导热系数,取得了满意的结果。     

热分析法研究水稻花药发育过程及其动力学

植物花药发育是植物个体发育过程中的一个重要组成部分。在此过程中,花药物质和组成不断变化,呈现出显著的动态过程。关于花药发育过程中物质和组成变化的研究,人们已经做了很多工作。但未见用热分析法研究水稻花药发育过程及其动力学的报道。本文用热分析法研究了不同花粉育期野败型和红莲型两类水稻保持系可育花药的热分解过程,测定了花粉不同育期可育花药的热重/差热(TG/DTA)及其差示扫描量热(DSC)曲线,获得了相应的热力学参数,分析了它们在不同时期的热分解规律以及发育过程中花药物质变化与其不同育期的关系,建立了发育过程中水稻花药干物质增长的动力学模型,并计算了它们的表观动力学参数。