滨海盐渍土非饱和土壤水扩散率的研究

本试验采用水平土柱法对三种滨海盐渍土的非饱和土壤水扩散率进行的研究结果表明:三种土壤的非饱和土壤水扩散率变化于0.14～117.32cm~2·min~(-1)之间,比非饱和土壤的离子扩散率大几个数量级;非饱和土壤水扩散率随土壤含水量的增加而升高,符合 D(θ)=ae~(bθ)经验公式;含水量与 Boltzmann 变换参数λ之间的关系为(λ)随含水量的下降而降低;在质地相同的情况下,土壤容重和土壤孔隙度均对非饱和土壤水扩散率有很大的影响,但土壤盐分浓度在含水量达0.2cm~3·cm~(-3)以上时对非饱和土壤水扩散率影响不大。     

木材热学性质的理论研究——木材导热系数与导温系数

本文应用物理力学处理问题的一般方法,从理论上研究木材的热学性质。推导出木材的横纹导热系数和导温系数的理论表达式。理论计算值与实验值相比较、符合程度令人满意。     

Advances in mechanisms of immunity enhancement induced by thermal ablation therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Image-guided tumor thermal ablation plays a key role in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Thermal ablation for hepatic tumors not only generates directly killing effect on liver tumors, but also improves the level of anti-tumor immunity of the host. Thermal ablation potentially affects the anti-tumor immunity in the following ways: (1) causing necrosis that is a source for intracellular antigens, and also inducing local inflammation, which further stimulates the antigen-presenting cells; (2) removing the tumor burden; (3) undergoing the process of heat shock in surviving tissue, leading to increase in the expression of heat shock proteins; (4) activating and enhancing tumor-specific T-cell responses. This review discusses these possible mechanisms.     

Global warming, elevational ranges and the vulnerability of tropical biota

Tropical species with narrow elevational ranges may be thermally specialized and vulnerable to global warming. Local studies of distributions along elevational gradients reveal small-scale patterns but do not allow generalizations among geographic regions or taxa. We critically assessed data from 249 studies of species elevational distributions in the American, African, and Asia-Pacific tropics. Of these, 150 had sufficient data quality, sampling intensity, elevational range, and freedom from serious habitat disturbance to permit robust across-study comparisons. We found four main patterns: (1) species classified as elevational specialists (upper- or lower-zone specialists) are relatively more frequent in the American than Asia-Pacific tropics, with African tropics being intermediate; (2) elevational specialists are rare on islands, especially oceanic and smaller continental islands, largely due to a paucity of upper-zone specialists; (3) a relatively high proportion of plants and ectothermic vertebrates (amphibians and reptiles) are upper-zone specialists; and (4) relatively few endothermic vertebrates (birds and mammals) are upper-zone specialists. Understanding these broad-scale trends will help identify taxa and geographic regions vulnerable to global warming and highlight future research priorities.     

Root growth conditions in the topsoil as affected by tillage intensity

Many studies have reported impeded root growth in topsoil under reduced tillage or direct drilling, but few have quantified the effects on the least limiting water range for root growth. This study explored the effects of tillage intensity on critical soil physical conditions for root growth in the topsoil. Samples were taken from a 7-year tillage experiment on a Danish sandy loam at Foulum, Denmark (56°30′ N, 9°35′ E) in 2008. The main crop was spring barley followed by either dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) or fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops as subtreatment. The tillage treatments were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8-10 cm (H), and ploughing (P) to 20 cm depth. A chisel coulter drill was used in the H and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in November 2008 at soil field moisture capacity from the 4-8 and 12-16 cm depths.We estimated the critical aeration limit from either 10% air-filled porosity (ε_a) or relative gas diffusivity (D/D₀) of 0.005 or 0.02 and found a difference between the two methods. The critical limit of soil aeration was best assessed by measuring gas diffusivity directly. Root growth was limited by a high penetration resistance in the D and H soils (below tillage depth). Poor soil aeration did not appear to be a significant limiting factor for root growth for this sandy loam soil, irrespective of tillage treatment. The soil had a high macroporosity and D/D₀ exceeded 0.02 at field capacity. Fodder radish resulted in more macropores, higher gas diffusivity and lower pore tortuosity compared to dyer's woad. This was especially important for the H treatment where compaction was a significant problem at the lower depths of the arable layer (10-20 cm depth). Our results suggest that fodder radish could be a promising tool in the amelioration of soil compaction.     

谷物导热系数测试的研究

探讨了热线法测试谷物导热系数的原理和方法。该法测试时间短,试样温升小,测试过程中试样物性变化小,测试结果可准确地反映谷物的实际状况。用所设计的测试系统,测试了几种谷物不同状态下导热系数,取得了满意的结果。     

Soil organic matter in urban soils: Estimation of elemental carbon by thermal oxidation and characterization of organic matter by solid-state C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

To reduce soil destruction by urban sprawl, land use planning has to promote the use of soils within cities. As soil functions are now protected by law in Germany, urban soil quality has to be evaluated before soil management. We studied contributions from elemental carbon (EC) and soil organic matter (SOM) quality in topsoil horizons at seven sites in Stuttgart, Germany, differing in impurities by technogenic substrates. The most disturbed site was found at a disused railway area while high-density areas, public parks and garden areas showed varying degrees of disturbance by anthropogenic activities. For most soils, compounds derived from plant litter dominated organic matter (OM) quality characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Although high contents of EC (up to 70% of soil organic carbon) were indicated by thermal oxidation, this was not confirmed by aromatic C intensities in NMR spectra. Only for the highly aromatic railway soil were results for elemental carbon by thermal oxidation and NMR similar. As other technogenic substrates beside EC like plastics may also contribute in the long-term to OM in urban soils, new analytical techniques are therefore required. This knowledge will promote the evaluation of urban soil properties and their sustainable use.     

日光温室气象环境综合研究 Ⅰ.墙体、覆盖物热效应研究初报

为科学地确定日光温室的合理结构,对鞍山、北京、天津等地建造使用的两类日光温室进行了墙体、前屋面覆盖物温度观测,结果表明:塑料膜日光温室夜间的主要放热面仍是前屋面,尽管前屋面薄膜上覆盖有纸被、草苫等,室内气温与覆盖物内侧温差仍十分显著地大于室内气温与墙体内侧温差。墙体系土墙者,全天为“吸热体”;系有空心夹层砖墙者,则在温室升温阶段为“吸热体”,在降温阶段为“放热体”。测量还发现,这两种墙体内均存在一个温度变化比较恒定的中间层,其机理有待进一步研究。经测定分析认为,日光温室较理想的墙体结构是:内侧由吸热、蓄热较好材料组成蓄热层,外侧由导热,放热较差材料组成保温层,中间设隔热层。     

发酵糟渣旋流闪蒸干燥及其热物性参数的快速测定

介绍了利用旋流闪蒸干燥器干燥发酵糟渣时，气流与物料间放热系数及糟渣物料热传导率、热扩散系数的简便快速测定方法。     

基于水平吸渗确定土壤水分扩散率的解析-修正法

准确测试土壤水分扩散率是研究水分在土壤中运移的关键之一。针对水平吸渗法测试土壤水分扩散率易受边界效应影响的问题,该研究构建解析-修正法,以提高测试结果的精度。假设第一类边界条件下,一维水平入渗Richards方程解的形式与其对应线性化方程的解析解相似,结合常数变易法,推导了一维水平入渗Richards方程的近似解析解。将有限长土柱中测点含水率随时间的变化数据分为受边界影响和不受边界影响两部分,采用近似解析解修正受边界影响的数据,再采用水平吸渗法确定土壤水分扩散率,以此建立测试土壤水分扩散率的解析-修正法,并通过数值模拟试验和室内试验讨论方法的合理性。结果表明,采用解析-修正法得到的土壤水分扩散率与真实值的决定系数均在0.900以上,室内试验不同测点间测试结果的决定系数均大于0.950。由此可见,该方法可以准确地确定土壤水分扩散率。研究可为土壤水运动的模拟提供可靠参数。