Acetylation of intact white rice grains to alter the physicochemical properties

The effect of acetylation of milled rice grains of selected varieties (TDK 8, YRW 4, Reiziq, Amber 33, and SHZ 2) with varying apparent amylose contents (3.8–26.6%) on their physicochemical properties was investigated. Milled rice samples were treated with different acetic anhydride concentrations (0.004–0.04 g per 100 g of milled rice samples in 225 mL of water). Results showed that glutinous (TDK 8), very low amylose (YRW 4) and low amylose containing varieties (Reiziq) were prone to acetylation even with 0.004 g of acetic anhydride. X-ray diffraction patterns showed an increase in the crystallinity in acetylated samples and formation of V-type crystals, suggesting the possible interaction of acetic anhydride with starch. Acetylation of rice grains resulted in reduced peak and final viscosities and gel strength, particularly in glutinous (TDK 8) and very low amylose (YRW 4) rice. Differential calorimetric study showed that acetic anhydride treatment resulted in reduced thermal transition temperatures and enthalpy of all varieties. Although increase in the retrogradation thermal temperatures was observed, the enthalpy of retrogradation was reduced with increasing acetylation, suggesting that the extent of starch retrogradation was lower in all varieties with more prominent reduction in the glutinous type. Furthermore, the texture of cooked acetic anhydride treated rice grains was less hard and showed more adhesiveness. This study demonstrated that the acetylation of rice grains (instead of flour) was successfully achieved, showing the potential of applying acetylation to alter the textural, pasting, thermal and retrogradation properties of rice.     

大功率拖拉机强制润滑的仿真和试验

为了研究大功率拖拉机强制润滑系统的流量分配特性,基于AMESim分析平台建立了某系统的热液压流体模型,仿真得出强制润滑系统的流量分配特性,并用试验证明了热液压仿真结果的正确性,为液压润滑系统流量分配的改进设计提供依据。     

不同热处理小米粉对小麦粉面团流变学特性的影响

为探究经过不同热处理的小米粉对小麦面团品质的影响,将小米粉分别进行膨化、蒸制和炒制热处理,经蒸制和炒制的小米粉按照0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%和35%的比例添加到小麦粉中,膨化小米粉按照0、2%、4%、6%和8%的比例添加到小麦粉中,分别对混合粉面团的流变学特性进行研究。结果表明,不同热处理小米粉的灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、总淀粉和总膳食纤维含量均下降,可溶性膳食纤维含量升高(炒制组除外)。不同热处理小米粉的添加量对小麦面团粉质特性和拉伸特性的影响存在显著差异(P0.05);面团的粉质特性随小米粉含量的增加而减弱;添加蒸制和炒制小米粉的面团粉质特性较好。随着小米粉含量的增加,添加膨化小米粉的面团的拉伸特性呈先增强后减弱的趋势,添加蒸制和炒制小米粉的面团的拉伸特性则逐渐减弱,且3个处理的拉伸特性都随醒面时间的延长有所增强,不同处理之间的拉伸特性差别不大。     

不同生育时期冬小麦叶片相对含水量高光谱监测

为实现冬小麦不同生育时期叶片水分含量的快速监测,以冬小麦冠层高光谱数据和红外热成像数据为基础,计算得到5种光谱参数,通过对不同生育时期叶片相对含水量与光谱参数拟合状况进行分析和筛选,分别构建了基于光谱参数的叶片相对含水量反演模型,并对模型进行检验。结果表明,不同生育时期叶片相对含水量与比值指数（RVI）、归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）、比值/归一化植被指数（R/ND）、优化土壤调整植被指数（OSAVI）、冠气温差（TDc-a）均呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）;拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆后期叶片相对含水量分别与NDVI、OSAVI、R/ND、TDc-a和TDc-a拟合效果较好,决定系数分别为0.842、0.884、0.831、0.864和0.945;预测模型的均方根误差分别为0.019、0.016、0.027、0.032和0.024,相对误差分别为2.16%、1.80%、3.30%、3.81%和3.53%。因此,在拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆后期,可以分别利用NDVI、OSAVI、R/ND、TDc-a和TDc-a估测冬小麦叶片相对含水量。     

Effects of temperature and body weight on growth rate and feed conversion ratio in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Six size groups of hatchery produced turbot (2–499 g) were reared at six constant temperatures (10–25 °C). The results were used to develop a mathematical model for growth rate and feed conversion in turbot. At each temperature there were linear relationships between logarithms of (a) specific growth rate (G%/day) and body weight (W g), and (b) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and W. The slopes of the regressions were linearly related to temperature and the intercepts of the regression changed with temperature according to a second order polynomial. The optimal temperature for growth (T_opt.G) is predicted to decline with increasing body weight: T_opt.G = 22.45 − 0.713lnW, i.e. 22.5, 20.8, 19.1 and 17.5 °C for 1, 10, 100 and 1000 g fish, respectively, and the growth rates of these fish sizes at their optimal temperature (G_max) were predicted to be 7.63, 2.73, 1.03 and 0.40%/day, respectively. The optimal temperature for feed conversion (T_opt.FCR) is also predicted to decline with increasing fish size: T_opt.FCR = 18.80 − 0.625lnW, i.e. 18.8, 17.4, 15.9 and 14.5 °C for 1, 10, 100 and 1000 g fish, respectively, and the predicted feed conversions of these fish sizes (FCR_min) were 0.44, 0.56, 0.68 and 0.82 for the present feed types. The growth model predicts that 2 g turbot can reach 743 and 619 g in 1 year when reared at T_opt.G and T_opt.FCR, respectively.     

未来中高排放情景下松嫩平原农业气候资源变化分析

基于松嫩平原地区基准时段（1961−1990年）的观测数据,应用统计方法对模型模拟的未来30a(2021−2050年)温度、降水、辐射的逐日数据进行偏差订正,同时采用五日滑动平均法计算≥10℃积温,分析研究区域相对于基准时段,未来30a农业气候资源指标的时空变化特征。结果表明：在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种排放情景下,未来30a松嫩平原大部分地区平均温度在4～8℃,较基准时段升高2.5～2.8℃,且北部地区的增温幅度大于南部地区;此外,大部分地区≥10℃积温介于3000～3700℃·d,两种情景下分别增加500～550℃·d和600～670℃·d,其中南部部分地区增幅超过670℃·d;大部分地区年降水量在460～580mm,增量为50～90mm不等,降水增量在空间分布上表现为南多北少,其中南部地区增量超过90mm,而北部地区年增量则不足50mm,两种情景在相同区域的降水增量表现为RCP4.5多于RCP8.5;相较于基准时段,年辐射量减少85～100MJ·m−2,生长季内辐射量减少10～40MJ·m−2,变化趋势均不明显。综上所述,未来松嫩平原地区农业气候资源表现为整体提升趋势,农作物可种植期相对延长,因此,应适当种植生育期更长的作物,避免因未来气温升高,造成现有作物生育期缩短,导致产量降低的情况发生;同时研究结果对调整种植结构、改变种植措施和选育作物品种等具有指导意义,有利于充分利用气候资源,提高作物产量。     

帽儿山地区10种常见树叶的燃烧性能和热重分析

使用热重分析法对黑龙江省帽儿山地区的10种代表性树种进行热解特性和动力学研究,利用TG-DTG曲线分析了可燃物热解的基本过程,通过热解参数对不同植物可燃物热解特性作定量比较,了解到木质素、半纤维素及纤维素的热解特性和温度、失重量以及失重速率之间的关系,采用分阶段一级反应动力学模型Coats-Redfem法求得相应的热解动力学参数活化能E和频率因子A.结果表明：在氮气气氛下10种树叶的热解均经历水分析出、快速热解、炭化3个主要阶段;计算得出樟子松、黑皮油松具有较好的防火性能,着火温度、活化能分别是：275.17℃、44.188 6 KJ/mol和274.38 ℃、42.864 3 KJ/mol.还利用极限氧指数技术,测得了可燃物的相对极限氧指数值,其数值可以反映可燃物可燃性的高低,得出榆树的氧指数是26.4％,属于难燃;黑皮油松的氧指数是20.2％,接近易燃.     

莲子薄层热风干燥特性与水分变化规律

为了解莲子干燥过程中水分传递过程,监控、预测水分变化,该文通过开展莲子薄层热风干燥试验,考察了莲子在不同干燥温度(50、60、70、80、90℃)下干燥特性,建立了莲子热风干燥试验模型;利用低场核磁共振技术(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR),弛豫时间(transverse relaxation time,T2)和成像(nuclear magnetic resonance imaging,MRI),考察了干燥过程中莲子内部水分分布状态与变化规律。结果表明,莲子干燥一直处于降速干燥段;干燥温度显著影响干燥过程(P0.05),干燥温度升高,干燥时间缩短;通过比较4种数学模型,发现莲子干燥过程采用Midilli模型(决定系数R20.998)进行准确模拟(相对误差E10%);有效扩散系数在6.056 7×10-10~1.660 3×10-9 m2/s之间,并随着干燥温度的升高而增大;活化能为24.268 5 k J/mol。核磁共振试验表明,半结合水是莲子的特征水分,占新鲜莲子总水分的85.59%,其脱除过程呈现指数特征(R20.91);干燥过程中,不同状态的水分流动性变差。莲子内部存在水分梯度,表层最先失去水分,莲芯水分最后脱除;干燥终止时,剩余水分主要存在于莲芯部位。MRI为确定莲子干燥终点提供了直观的参考依据。研究结果可为控制莲子热风干燥过程、优化干燥工艺参数提供理论依据。     

基于MODIS资料的新疆土壤水分遥感应用研究

以新疆2005年4-8月土壤墒情数据和MODIS卫星遥感数据为基础,通过对主要农作物生长季内NDVI变化、不同层次土壤相对湿度与地表亮温日较差的相关分析,构建了土壤相对湿度回归模型。所有模型均通过0.01水平的F检验。分析得出:新疆5月下旬以前利用热惯量法监测土壤墒情精度在81%以上,6月上旬-8月下旬单纯使用热惯量法监测土壤墒情精度不够理想。     

Root growth conditions in the topsoil as affected by tillage intensity

Many studies have reported impeded root growth in topsoil under reduced tillage or direct drilling, but few have quantified the effects on the least limiting water range for root growth. This study explored the effects of tillage intensity on critical soil physical conditions for root growth in the topsoil. Samples were taken from a 7-year tillage experiment on a Danish sandy loam at Foulum, Denmark (56°30′ N, 9°35′ E) in 2008. The main crop was spring barley followed by either dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) or fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops as subtreatment. The tillage treatments were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8-10 cm (H), and ploughing (P) to 20 cm depth. A chisel coulter drill was used in the H and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in November 2008 at soil field moisture capacity from the 4-8 and 12-16 cm depths.We estimated the critical aeration limit from either 10% air-filled porosity (ε_a) or relative gas diffusivity (D/D₀) of 0.005 or 0.02 and found a difference between the two methods. The critical limit of soil aeration was best assessed by measuring gas diffusivity directly. Root growth was limited by a high penetration resistance in the D and H soils (below tillage depth). Poor soil aeration did not appear to be a significant limiting factor for root growth for this sandy loam soil, irrespective of tillage treatment. The soil had a high macroporosity and D/D₀ exceeded 0.02 at field capacity. Fodder radish resulted in more macropores, higher gas diffusivity and lower pore tortuosity compared to dyer's woad. This was especially important for the H treatment where compaction was a significant problem at the lower depths of the arable layer (10-20 cm depth). Our results suggest that fodder radish could be a promising tool in the amelioration of soil compaction.