观赏海棠愈伤组织的诱导与增殖

[目的]观赏海棠‘春雪’是一种广泛应用的观赏树木,主要进行无性繁殖.愈伤组织培养是植物进行无性繁殖的重要途径.[方法]以观赏海棠‘春雪’组培苗继代培养一个月后的叶片为材料,研究生长调节物质、温度、光照、放置方式以及不同外植体对其愈伤组织诱导及增殖的影响.[结果结论]试验结果表明,叶片正放暗培养10 d有利于愈伤组织的诱导,其中以添加NAA 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.5 mg/L的MS培养基对致密型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好,添加2,4-D 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.05 mg/L的MS培养基对疏松型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好.适宜致密型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 4 mg/L,NAA 2 mg/L的MS培养基;适宜疏松型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 0.01 mg/L,2,4-D 2 mg/L的MS培养基.碳氮浓度、光照及温度对两种愈伤组织增殖的影响各不相同.致密型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为70 g/L,NH4NO3质量浓度825 mg/L,光照时间24h,温度15℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.疏松型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为30 g/L,NH4 NO3质量浓度3 300mg/L,光照时间16 h,温度26℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.     

不同磷水平柱花草磷效率及根构型研究

为研究不同磷水平下柱花草磷效率的基因型差异及其与根构型的关系,利用盆栽试验,以磷低效、磷高效、磷敏感3种基因型柱花草品种为材料,研究0、0020、0035、0050、0075、0100、0200 g·kg-1共7个磷水平下,不同基因型柱花草的磷营养特性;并进一步比较两个代表性基因型（磷低效、磷高效）柱花草在对照(0 g·kg-1)、缺磷(0010 g·kg-1)、正常磷（0025 g·kg-1）处理下苗期根系生长状况,从而确定根构型与磷效率的关系。结果表明：不同基因型植株的磷含量、吸磷量随磷浓度的增加而增加,磷利用效率对磷浓度的反应趋势则相反。在不同磷处理下,磷高效基因型的磷利用效率均较高,且随着磷浓度的增加不同基因型品种磷利用效率的变化趋势度表现为：磷高效＜磷低效＜磷敏感。随着磷胁迫的加重,磷高效和磷低效基因型的侧根数、主根长、根体积、根表面积和根活跃吸收面积均增加,根直径减小。磷高效基因型柱花草根体积显著高于磷低效基因型,且在其他根构型指标上优于磷低效基因型。磷高效基因型品种较耐低磷,柱花草根系形态的改变是其适应低磷胁迫的重要机制。研究为柱花草的优质栽培提供理论依据。     

灰色系统理论在柽柳属植物扦插繁殖筛选中的应用

采用灰色系统关联度分析方法,分析并计算了8个柽柳属植物种之间的关联度以及它们扦插繁殖中的7个观测指标值间的关联度大小,结果表明:柽柳枝条扦插繁殖观测指标间的关联度大小顺序是茎粗>地上生物量>主根长>株高>侧根数>一级分枝数;柽柳种间的关联度大小顺序是中国柽柳>甘肃柽柳>甘蒙柽柳>刚毛柽柳>短穗柽柳>长穗柽柳>紫杆柽柳>多枝柽柳,关联度的大小可以反映出柽柳种间及扦插繁殖观测指标间的主次顺序。     

Combined Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Rapid Testing and Molecular Epidemiology in Conventional Broiler Flocks

Campylobacter spp. are important causes of bacterial zoonosis, most often transmitted by contaminated poultry meat. From an epidemiological and risk assessment perspective, further knowledge should be obtained on Campylobacter prevalence and genotype distribution in primary production. Consequently, 15 Austrian broiler flocks were surveyed in summer for their thermophilic Campylobacter spp. contamination status. Chicken droppings, dust and drinking water samples were collected from each flock at three separate sampling periods. Isolates were confirmed by PCR and subtyped. We also compared three alternative methods (culture‐based enrichment in Bolton broth, culture‐independent real‐time PCR and a lateral‐flow test) for their applicability in chicken droppings. Twelve flocks were found to be positive for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. during the entire sampling period. Seven flocks (46.6%) were contaminated with both, C. jejuni and C. coli, five flocks harboured solely one species. We observed to a majority flock‐specific C. jejuni and C. coli genotypes, which dominated the respective flock. Flocks within a distance <2 km shared the same C. jejuni genotypes indicating a cross‐contamination event via the environment or personnel vectors. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of C. jejuni revealed that the majority of isolates were assigned to globally distributed clonal complexes or had a strong link to the human interface (CC ST‐446 and ST4373). The combination of techniques poses an advantage over risk assessment studies based on cultures alone, as, in the case of Campylobacter, occurrence of a high variety of genotypes might be present among a broiler flock. We suggest applying the lateral‐flow test under field conditions to identify ‘high‐shedding’ broiler flocks at the farm level. Consequently, poultry farmers and veterinarians could improve hygiene measurements and direct sanitation activities, especially during the thinning period. Ultimately, real‐time PCR could be applied to quantify Campylobacter spp. directly from chicken droppings and avoid non‐interpretable results achieved by culture‐dependent methods.     

Detection of Salmonella in Finishing Pigs on Farm and at Slaughter in Piedmont,Italy

Salmonella is one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis often associated with pork consumption. The aims of this cross‐sectional study were to collect preliminary data on the presence of Salmonella enterica in pigs in Piedmont (Italy), through sampling on farm and at slaughter and to gather pilot data on serotypes and phagetypes present in the sampled area and distribution of anti‐microbial resistance among isolated strains. Salmonella was detected through culture and identified with Salmonella spp. and Salmonella Typhimurium PCR; positive samples were serotyped, phagetyped and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Positive samples (from 9% of faeces up to 29% of tonsils) were found in 64% of the herds. Salmonella spp. was retrieved also from scalding water. Most of the isolates were Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella 4,5,12:i:‐. The results of Salmonella Typhimurium specific PCR suggested that Salmonella 4,5,12:i:‐ might be unrecognized by serotyping. Anti‐microbial resistance was recorded in 75–100% of the isolates. Phagetyping allowed the identification of DT104B and DT46A strains. These results set the bases for further research studies that would aim to estimate the real herd prevalence in Piedmont and the diffusion of serotypes and anti‐microbial resistant strains within the same region.     

2个多年生花生品种低温胁迫下活性氧代谢特性研究

不同低温胁迫下对平托花生Arachis pintoi与蔓花生A.duranensis2个多年生花生品种进行的叶片活性氧代谢与质膜特性进行研究。结果表明,A.duranensis品种无论在超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)还是过氧化氢酶(CAT)相对活性在低温胁迫下均不低于或显著高于A.pintoi,表现出相对较高的清除自由基能力;其质膜相对透性(RPP)增加幅度明显小于A.pintoi;丙二醛(MDA)相对含量增加率则表现出相反趋势;表明A.duranensis具有更强的抗寒性。     

Comparative analysis of evaluation parameters in E. acervulina,E. maxima and E. tenella-infected broilers

Three parameters, body weight gain (BWG), intestinal lesion score (LS) and fecal oocyst shedding, were compared in broilers infected with major parasitic species; Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella. First, two- and three-week-old chickens with Eimeria infection showed LS of approximately 3, but two-week-old chickens were more correlated with BWG. Second, significant differences in BWG were observed between male and female broilers challenged with Eimeria. Finally, E. maxima-infected broilers among three Eimeria species showed a higher relationship between BWG and LS, suggesting three considerations such as genders, age and Eimeria species for Eimeria experiments.     

基于SSR标记的苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性与群体结构分析

种质资源遗传多样性和群体结构的分析是进行复杂性状关联分析的前提条件.从140对SSR引物中筛选到16对多态性引物,对82份苜蓿(Medicago spp.)材料进行遗传多样性与群体结构分析.结果表明;16对SSR引物共检测出190个等位变异,平均11.88个;多态性比率66.67％～100％,平均为83.05％;基因多样性为0.1447～0.3637,平均为0.2577;PIC为0.0079～0.9432,平均为0.5501.群体结构分析表明,当K=5时△K最大,即82份苜蓿材料可划分为5个类群,其中75.61％的种质遗传组分相对比较单一,24.39％的种质遗传背景比较复杂.苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性丰富,群体结构的划分与种质的来源不完全相关.     

增效浏阳霉素防治叶螨的效果和对智利植绥螨影响的研究

在实验室内用5％增效浏阳霉素乳油1000倍液防治截形叶螨,24小时后的死亡率为95.5％。对三氯杀螨醇有较强抗性的二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨,48小时后的死亡率也达90％左右。浏阳霉素对3种叶螨均无杀卵作用,但施药5～6天后,对初孵幼螨仍能杀死90％以上。低温能降低浏阳霉素的药效。在温室中施药一周后。对二斑叶螨的雌成螨无残效,但幼螨和前若螨的死亡率可达97.4％。以磷酸兰苯酯作增效剂的浏阳霉素比亚磷酸三苯酯作增效剂的药效好。在同一剂量下,对二斑叶螨的死亡率分别为98.2％和53.4％。5％浏阳霉素的1000倍液对智利植绥螨成螨的生存率、在叶上的定居率及着卵量均无影响。在温室栽培月季上喷药1次防治二斑叶螨,36天后防治效果仍保持在99％,而用三氯杀螨醇和敌敌畏防治,施药一周后需再次防治。