非洲菊灰霉病抗性鉴定技术的研究

 灰霉病是非洲菊切花破坏性的病害,在采后阶段的发生和危害尤其严重,培育抗性品种具有重要意义,抗性非洲菊材料的筛选鉴定是抗性品种培育的必要技术。以生产中显著抗病和感病品种为试材,研究非洲菊灰霉病抗性鉴定技术中适宜的试验材料、灰霉菌孢子浓度、孢子侵染条件和病害评估方法。结果表明, 非洲菊花瓣正面接种病害发展快、不同抗性品种间差异明显;分生孢子的侵染萌发需要充足的氧气和营养,2μL液滴、马铃薯葡萄糖的添加使花瓣发病整齐均匀;病菌的增殖危害与接种时分生孢子和马铃薯葡萄糖的初始浓度相关,在一定浓度范围内,二者呈反比关系,其中分生孢子适宜浓度为3.0×105~1.0×106个孢子/mL,马铃薯葡萄糖的适宜浓度为3%~6%;接种花瓣放置于室温、自然光、近100%湿度条件下,接种48h是最佳的评估时间。     

中国东北地区落叶松球果花蝇研究进展

落叶松球果花蝇是中国东北地区落叶松球果种子的重要害早。国内对这一种团的种类的组成，生物学特性，防治及测报做了大量研究工作。目前，在东北地区落叶松球果内已知有７种：黑胸球果花蝇，贝加尔球果花蝇，稀球果花蝇，斯氏球果花蝇，落叶松球果花蝇，黄尾球果花蝇，方氏球果花蝇。     

香蕉对砷镉铅的富集转运特征及土壤重金属安全阈值

建立土壤重金属安全阈值是保障我国农产品质量安全的一道重要屏障.本研究通过盆栽模拟实验研究香蕉对砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)3种重金属的富集转运特点,进一步通过建立香蕉茎叶与土壤As、Cd、Pb总量和有效态含量的关系,推导香蕉种植系统的土壤As、Cd、Pb的安全阈值.结果显示,Cd、Pb对香蕉生物量表现出"低促高抑...     

黄绿木霉菌对大豆根腐病镰刀菌的拮抗作用

利用室内对峙培养与发酵液处理病原菌研究了黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)对大豆根腐病几种镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)的拮抗作用,并利用盆栽试验研究了黄绿木霉对苗期大豆根腐病发生的影响.拮抗试验结果表明,黄绿木霉在与镰刀菌对峙培养中,菌丝交叉、接触与纠结,接触后镰刀菌菌丝被破坏;发酵产物只可延长镰刀菌孢子萌发的时间,但对孢子最终萌发率没有影响,发酵产物对菌丝生长速率的影响以山梨醇、葡萄糖及蔗糖作为碳源时,抑菌效果好,抑菌能力分别可达63%、51%、58%;盆栽试验证明黄绿木霉对大豆根腐病有较好的防治效果,防效可达73.2%,处理后幼苗株高与干重均高于未处理的对照.     

Path analysis: a novel approach to determine the contribution of nematode damage to East African Highland banana (Musa spp., AAA) yield loss under two crop management practices in Uganda

Damage caused by plant-parasitic nematodes on East Africa Highland banana cultivar Mbwazirume was evaluated at Sendusu, Central Uganda. Banana plots were either nematode-infested or non-infested and received either continuous heavy mulch or were finger millet (Eleusine coracana) inter-cropped. An infestation with banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, occurred naturally. Suckers detached from third crop cycle harvested plants were indexed for root and corm damage. Nematodes were extracted from the indexed roots. Banana weevil damage was observed in a cross-section through the corm of the harvested plant. Relationships between root damage, corm damage and nematode population densities were examined using correlation analyses. Path analysis was used to establish their relative effects on bunch weight. Independent of the type of crop management, percentage root necrosis, percentage dead roots, Radopholus similis and Helicotylenchus multicinctus population densities were each negatively correlated with bunch weight. Banana weevil damage and Pratylenchus goodeyi population densities were not correlated with bunch weight (P≤0.05). Path analysis revealed that root necrosis under heavy mulching and dead roots under finger millet inter-crop were the major factors associated with reduced bunch weight. Independent of the type of crop management, path analysis demonstrated that R. similis and then H. multicinctus contributed most, and to a lesser extent P. goodeyi, to root necrosis and dead roots. C. sordidus damage to the inner or outer corm appeared not to affect bunch weight.     

Preparation of algal-oligosaccharide mixtures by bacterial agarases and their antioxidative properties

ABSTRACT:   Algal-oligosaccharide-lysates (AOL), derived from six agars and four algal polysaccharide extracts (APE), were treated with 100–500 activity units (AU) of MA103-agarases or MAEF108-agarases, and their antioxidative properties evaluated. Soluble total polyphenols (TP) were between 462.2 ± 1.6 gallic acid equivalents (GAE, µg/mL) and 70.6 ± 17.4 GAE. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity of all AOL went from 68.3 ± 0.7% to 0.5 ± 0.1%. The ferrous ion chelating capacity of all AOL went from 93.1 ± 0.2% to 21.7 ± 0.9%. Evaluation of the H₂O₂ scavenging capacity of all AOL was between 35.9 ± 5.4% and 0.1 ± 0.2%. The reducing power of all AOL went from 51.3 ± 2.6 to 3.2 ± 6.8 expressed as µg/mL ascorbic acid. In DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ferrous ion chelating capacity and reducing power etc., the AOL derived from the APE of Porphyra dentate (digested by 500 AU of MAEF108-agarases) were highest, in all test sets. However, the AOL derived from the APE of Monostroma nitidum (digested by 500 AU of MAEF108-agarases) had the highest H₂O₂ scavenging capacity in all test sets. The order of antioxidative activity performance of all AOL treated in this experiment, by these four antioxidative methods, is as follows: ferrous ion chelating capacity > DPPH radical scavenging capacity > H₂O₂ scavenging capacity > reducing power; this may be related to their polyphenols, small molecular weight polysaccharides or simple sugar constituents. In this study, it is demonstrated that various agarases derived from algal oligosaccharide mixtures possess good potential for use as a health food, due to their antioxidative capacity.     

澳洲坚果品种‘HAES951’为母本的杂交试验

以澳洲坚果品种‘HAES951’为母本,采用9个品种的花粉授粉,获得9个全同胞家系苗木。观测各组合的坐果率、种子横径和杂交F1代苗木的株高、地径及冠幅。结果表明:组合间的坐果率和种子横径均达极显著差异(P0.01);家系内株高、地径、冠幅的变异系数范围在13.67%~30.25%,平均为20.81%。9个全同胞家系间苗木的株高、地径差异不显著,冠幅达显著差异(P0.05)。     

Stand basal area as an index of tree competitiveness in timber intercropping

To derive optimal benefits from intercropping timber, farmers should make important initial decisions on tree species and planting density with a good understanding of their tradeoffs. Complex and data-intensive models used by researchers should be supplemented with simpler models based on easily measured parameters and easily understood competition functions. In experiments in the Philippine uplands, growth parameters of three popular farm-forestry species (Eucalyptus deglupta, E. torelliana, and Paraserianthes falcataria) were measured, along with intercropped and non-intercropped yields of maize and vegetables. The commonly used forestry parameter of stand basal area had a significant negative correlation with intercrop yields (as a percentage of non-intercropped yields). The slope of the regression line differed between species; in this study, percent yield loss per unit stem basal area growth was in the order E. deglupta > E. torelliana > P. falcataria. The relationship between stand basal area and intercrop-yield decline was tested on an independent data set from China. Intercrop yields had significant negative correlations with stand basal area of Paulownia elongata. We propose that adaptive tree-screening trials evaluate competitiveness in addition to evaluating growth and mortality. Stand basal area may be better suited to this task than more mechanistic indices such as leaf-area index as it is easy to measure, calculate, and understand, and it may serve as a better index of total (aboveground + belowground) competition. Basal area is also directly related to tree volume, and allows farmers to more easily evaluate the economic tradeoffs between tree growth and intercrop-yield declines. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

First report on the Dutch elm disease pathogen Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi from Latvia

During 2017, Dutch elm disease was investigated on 67 Ulmus glabra and 29 Ulmus laevis samples from 28 sites in Latvia. The presence of Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi was detected in 61.2% of the samples from U. glabra and in 34.5% of the samples from U. laevis. In 11% of cases, hybrids between subsp. novo‐ulmi and subsp. americana were identified, particularly in the sites in the southern part of Latvia. This study presents the first verified record of Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi and its subspecies in Latvia.     

The dehesa: an agrosilvopastoral system of the Mediterranean region with special reference to the Sierra Morena area of Spain

A multidisciplinary team undertook a six-year investigation on the agro-ecological and socio-economic aspects of the dehesa system in the Sierra Norte area, a part of the Sierra Morena of the Sevilla Province, Western Andalusia, Spain. This paper summarizes its findings on the various agro-ecological features of the system and evaluates the system's functional aspects vis-a-vis the trends and developments in land use in the region over the past few centuries. The synergistic effects of tree cover on understorey grassland vegetation is discussed in terms of soil fertility build-up and favourable micro-climatic and hydrological features, and the potential use of this information in future research and development programmes to improve the dehesa system in the Mediterranean region is outlined.