蚜小蜂科二新种（膜翅目：小蜂总科）

记述了东北地区小产的两新种。１．杨圆蚧黄蚜小蜂Ａｐｈｖｔｉｓ ｑｕａｄｒａｓｐｉｄｉｏｔｉ新种，该种具有典型的ｍｖｔｉｌａｓｐｉｄｉｓ种团的特征，与Ａ．ｍｖｔｉｌａｓｐｉｄｉｓ较相近，但本新种；（１）产卵器及产卵器鞘较长；（２）前翅三角区内刚毛明显多（９２－１４０根）；（３）并胸腹节长约为后胸背板的３．２０－３．８７倍。雄性未知。正模：♀．副模；８♀♀。黑龙江（海伦）．１９８６－０６－１５；副模     

生态经济可持续发展研究

首先对生态经济的可持续发展进行了复杂性分析,然后结合系统控制与数学生态学的理论与方法,在单因素研究的基础上,构建生态经济系统发展演化的多因素综合模型,并用系统科学分析问题,为人类摆脱资源、环境、社会困境提供了一种科学的思维方式——从单一性向系统性转变,从而使人类走向可持续发展。     

Heuristic algorithms vs. linear programs for designing efficient conservation reserve networks: Evaluation of solution optimality and processing time

Systematic approaches to efficient reserve network design often make use of one of two types of site selection algorithm; linear programs or heuristic algorithms. Unlike with linear programs, heuristic algorithms have been demonstrated to yield suboptimal networks in that more sites are selected in order to meet conservation goals than may be necessary or fewer features are captured than is possible. Although the degree of suboptimality is not known when using heuristics, some researchers have suggested that it is not significant in most cases and that heuristics are preferred since they are more flexible and can yield a solution more quickly. Using eight binary datasets, we demonstrate that suboptimality of numbers of sites selected and biodiversity features protected can occur to various degrees depending on the dataset, the model design, and the type of heuristic applied, and that processing time is not dramatically different between optimal and heuristic algorithms. In choosing an algorithm, the degree of suboptimality may not always be as important to planners as the perception that optimal solvers have feasibility issues, and therefore heuristic algorithms might continue to be a popular tool for conservation planning. We conclude that for many datasets, feasibility of optimal algorithms should not be a concern and that the value of heuristic results can be greatly improved by using optimal algorithms to determine the degree of suboptimality of the results.     

A Critical Review and Meta‐Analysis of the Efficacy of Whole‐Cell Killed Tritrichomonas foetus Vaccines in Beef Cattle

This review assesses the efficacy of whole cell Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine to prevent and treat trichomoniasis in beef cattle. Three databases were searched in June 2012. Eligible studies compared infection risk, open risk, and abortion risk in heifers or infection risk in bulls that received vaccine compared with no vaccine. Study results were extracted, summary effect measures were calculated, and the quality of the evidence was assessed. From 334 citations identified, 10 were relevant to the review . For heifers, there was limited evidence of moderate quality to assess the impact of vaccination on infection risk (RR, 0.89; P = .16; 95% CI, 0.76–1.05; 6 randomized and 4 nonrandomized studies; 251 animals) and open risk (RR, 0.80; P = .06; 95% CI, 0.63–1.01; 6 randomized and 5 nonrandomized studies; 570 animals). The quality of the body of work describing the impact of vaccination on abortion risk was low (summary RR, 0.57; P = .0003; 95% CI, 0.42–0.78; 3 randomized and 2 nonrandomized studies; 176 animals). The quality of evidence was very low for duration of infection (mean difference, ?23.42; P = .003; 95% CI, ?38.36 to ?7.85; 2 randomized and 3 nonrandomized studies; 163 animals). Although the summary effect measures suggest a benefit to vaccination, due to publication bias the effect reported here is likely an over estimate of efficacy. For bull‐associated outcomes, the evidence base was low or very low quality.     

Assessing the performance of the existing and proposed network of marine protected areas to conserve marine biodiversity in Chile

The growing concern about the profound influence of human activities on marine ecosystems has been the driving force behind the creation of marine reserves in the last few decades. With almost 4200 km of coastline, Chile has not been the exception to this trend. A set of conservation priority sites has recently been proposed by the Chilean government to expand the current marine reserve network. In this study, we used the most comprehensive information currently available on the distribution of 2513 marine species in Chile to assess the efficiency of the existing system of marine protected areas (MPA) and the conservation priority sites identified by the government. Additionally, we evaluated the vulnerability of the reserve network selected with respect to threatening human activities. Our results show that both the existing protected areas and the proposed priority sites are relatively effective at protecting Chilean marine biodiversity. However, the majority of the species that are not represented within the existing or projected MPA network have very restricted distributions and are, therefore, of high conservation concern. To cover all species requires a network of 35 MPAs (46% of the total number of planning units). Many of the sites identified as irreplaceable present conflict with one or more human activities, particularly in the central region of the country. This study emphasizes the need for a systematic conservation planning approach to maximize the representation of species and prioritize those areas where conflicts between marine biodiversity conservation and human activities may occur.     

不同地理居群冰清绢蝶翅脉的几何形态学分析

[目的]研究几何形态学方法在研究蝶类昆虫种内居群间分化的可行性和有效性。[方法]以冰清绢蝶为研究对象,对我国冰清绢蝶主要地理分布区的10个地理居群共200个体翅脉脉相的相关指标进行研究,利用三维数码显微镜共测量、分析前后翅共计17种脉相的几何形态学性状(包括翅脉长度、翅脉两点间线段长度、中室面积等),再利用SPSS 21.0软件对筛选出的有效性状进行了统计和聚类分析。[结果]冰清绢蝶10个地理居群的形态分化和它们的地理分布之间存在明显的相关性;安徽滁州琅琊山的居群在聚类树上的位置较为特殊,没能显示出与其地理分布间的明显关联性。[结论]几何形态学分析方法在蝶类的种内分化研究中是一种十分有效的辅助手段。     

Post-wildfire seeding in forests of the western United States: An evidence-based review

Broadcast seeding is one of the most widely used post-wildfire emergency response treatments intended to reduce soil erosion, increase vegetative ground cover, and minimize establishment and spread of non-native plant species. We conducted an evidence-based review to examine the effectiveness and effects of post-wildfire seeding treatments on soil stabilization, non-native species invasion, and plant community recovery in the western U.S. We reviewed 94 scientific papers and agency monitoring reports identified using a systematic search protocol. As sampling designs have become more rigorous in recent years, evidence that seeding is effective in reducing erosion has decreased. Of highest and high quality studies evaluating soil erosion, 92% (11 of 12) were published since 2000, none of which showed an effective result. Before 2000, the majority of the studies (71%) fell into the lowest quality categories, of which 72% showed seeding to be effective. The majority of studies (20 of 27, 74%) evaluating soil erosion in seeded versus unseeded controls showed that seeding did not reduce erosion relative to unseeded controls. Even when seeding significantly increased vegetative cover, seeded sites rarely supported plant cover levels considered sufficient to stabilize soils within the first and second year post-wildfire. Of the 11 studies evaluating seeding effectiveness for curtailing invasions of non-native plant species, an almost equal percentage found seeding treatments to be either effective (54%, 6 studies) or ineffective (45%, 5 studies). However, the majority of effective and ineffective treatments (83% and 80%, respectively) used non-native species. Sixteen of 26 studies (62%) evaluating seeding effects on plant communities reported that seeding suppressed recovery of native plants, although data on long-term impacts of this reduction are limited. The literature suggests that post-wildfire seeding does little to protect soil in the short-term, has equivocal effect on invasion of non-native species, and can have negative effects on native vegetation recovery, although long-term studies are needed to assess lasting impacts of seeded species.     

优先保护区规划方法研究进展

优先保护区规划作为自然保护区建设的重要内容,对生物多样性保护工作有积极的研究意义.优先保护区识别与规划的方法主要有生物多样性热点地区理论、保护空缺分析方法、系统保护规划理论、多准则决策分析理论等.所涉及的关键问题有保护目标确定、保护价值与保护成本分析、保护与经济开发共赢以及保护区管理策略的变化等方面.主要分析了不同保护规划方法的理论特征及研究进展,并通过对优先区规划的关键问题的探讨列举不同规划方法的应用展望.