The effect of urban refuse compost and different tractors tyres on soil physical properties, soil erosion and maize yield

Application of urban refuse compost to agricultural soil could help to solve municipalities' problems related to the increasing production of waste only if soil property improvement and environmental conservation can be demonstrated. The use of low-pressure tractor tyres is another proposal in modern agriculture for reducing soil compaction. This study thus aimed to detect the effects of both compost and low-pressure tractor tyres on soil loss, runoff, aggregate stability, bulk density, penetrometer resistance and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. A 3-year field experiment was carried out on a hilly (15% slope) clay loam soil in central Italy. Twelve plots (200 m² each) were monitored with tipping-pot devices for runoff and soil erosion measurement. Treatments were: compost addition (64 Mg ha⁻¹), mineral fertilisation, use of low-pressure tyres, use of traditional tyres, with three replicates, in a fully randomised block design. Compost was applied once at the beginning of the experiment. Runoff reduction due to compost ranged between 7 and 399 m³ ha⁻¹ during seasons, while soil erosion was reduced between 0.2 and 2.4 Mg ha⁻¹. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of stable aggregates, measured on wheel tracks, increased by 2.19 mm, then progressively decreased. Compost significantly increased bulk density by 0.08 Mg m⁻³ due to its inert fraction content. This effect was less evident in the second and third year, probably due to harrowing. Maize yields were slightly, but significantly, reduced in composted plots by 1.72 Mg ha⁻¹ in the third year. Low-pressure tyres significantly reduced soil loss in the third year by 1 Mg ha⁻¹. Furthermore, they did not significantly influence runoff volumes and soil structural stability. Low-pressure tyres or compost addition were singly able to prevent an increase in penetrometer resistance due to agricultural machinery traffic. Low-pressure tyres increased the maize yield during the 3 years and the difference (0.4 Mg ha⁻¹) became significant in the third year. In conclusion, results show the positive lasting effect of compost in ameliorating soil physical properties and reducing runoff and soil erosion. Low-pressure tyres appear justifiable both for the observed increase of grain production and reduction of soil compaction. This latter effect is, nevertheless, masked by compost addition which is also able to reduce penetrometer resistance. Further research is required to explain the causes of the slight inhibition of grain yield observed when compost was compared with mineral fertilisation.     

土壤中水溶性有机质的结构特征及其与富里酸、胡敏酸的比较

采用元素分析、1HNMR和FTIR研究了黄泥土中水溶性有机质组成及结构特征,并与富里酸、胡敏酸进行比较。结果表明:胡敏酸含有大量的芳香族不饱和物质,烷基链烃多,支链长;富里酸以含有大量的羧基为主要结构特征;水溶性有机质主要由碳水化合物组成,含有大量的羟基,芳香族不饱和物质少。     

连续流粮食干燥控制系统变量分析与结构设

针对粮食干燥影响因素多且不确定,以及测量结果存在滞后的问题,提出了连续流粮食干燥被控变量和控制变量的选择方法,通过实验数据对影响粮食干燥过程的各因素及各因素对粮食出口含水率的灵敏度进行了分析.结果表明,影响较大的因素有排粮电动机转速、热风温度、粮食初始含水率,影响较小的因素有环境温度、热风和冷却风风量、粮食初始温度.设计了连续流粮食干燥过程自动控制系统的控制结构,引入微分环节可有效抑制因测量而造成的滞后现象.     

麦秆表面形貌及表面元素分析

利用光学显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对麦秆表面形貌及表面元素进行了分析研究。研究表明：麦秆横切面上有表皮组织、薄壁组织和维管组织3种组织；外表面壁上有长细胞、短细胞、栓质细胞、硅细胞和气孔器，外壁被强烈加厚，其不被叶鞘包围的部分有发达的角质层；内表面主要是薄壁细胞，这些细胞之间排列不是很紧密，也没有形成角质层。在麦秆的不同层面上，C元素含量由外及里逐渐降低；O元素、N元素含量由外及里逐渐升高；Si元素含量中间层最高。麦秆表面经过氩离子溅射后，由外及里，随着氩刻的加深，C含量呈现降低趋势，O、N、Si含量呈现升高趋势。由20℃到270℃的升温过程中，170℃是C、O元素含量的转折点，而N、Si元素含量在升温过程中变化幅度不是很大。     

典型草原区植物群落结构特征动态监测

1999-2002年在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场典型草原区海流特,监测主要植物群落结构特征。结果表明,随时间推移,试验区主要群落的优势植物大针茅、羊草相对高度、相对盖度、相对密度和相对生物量呈降低趋势,退化指示植物冷蒿、狼毒相对高度、相对盖度、相对密度、相对生物量呈增加趋势;试验区群落物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀性指数随时间推移均呈降低趋势;围栏在试验区草地植物群落特征的保持方面很有效,但围栏内植物群落特征随时间推移仍呈退化趋势。     

闽南牛结构基因座多型性的研究

以中心产区典型群简单随机抽样原则在福建省漳州市抽取闽南牛64头,采集血样,按常规方法分离血浆和血细胞,冷冻后带回实验室-20℃保存备用。用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术(SGE)检测21个编码血液蛋白(酶)的结构基因座。同时引用其他学者用相同方法获得的国内外12个牛群体7个相同座位的研究资料,进行聚类分析。结果表明:在所检测的21个基因座中,有10个存在多型,多态位点百分比为47.62%,群体内遗传变异水平相对较高,平均杂合度为0.1593;证实了闽南牛与东南亚牛种亲缘关系较近,闽南牛是南方黄牛和瘤牛的混血种,但不应含有巴厘牛或斑腾牛的血统。     

昆布多糖的研究进展

从昆布多糖的结构研究、昆布多糖的提取分离及理化性质的研究、昆布多糖的药理作用与临床应用概况等3个方面阐述昆布多糖的研究进展,以期为昆布多糖的研究提供理论依据。     

宁夏产栽培秦艽脂溶部位化学成分研究

[目的]对宁夏产栽培秦艽根（Radix Gentiana Macrophyllae）的化学成分进行系统研究。[方法]应用多种色谱技术对秦艽根化学成分进行分离纯化;通过理化方法和波谱数据并与对照品对照进行结构鉴定。[结果]从脂溶部位分离出了4种化合物,其质量分别为75、230、450、70 mg,鉴定其分别为：秦艽酰胺（Ⅰ）、红白金花内酯（Ⅱ）、栎瘿酸（Ⅲ）、齐墩果酸（Ⅳ）。[结论]以上4个化合物均为首次从宁夏产秦艽中分离得到。     

基于协同管理理论的农业企业绩效评价指标体系的构建

基于协同管理理论,考虑到部门间的组织协调对于农业企业整体经营绩效的影响,对企业内部业务部门间的协调问题进行了分析。在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上构建了评价农业企业绩效的指标体系,以实地调研数据为基础,利用结构方程模型对其进行拟合、评估,力求找到最简洁、最准确的指标体系。     

旋转流过滤器结构参数优化研究

[目的]从污水处理工艺入手研究污水处理器结构性能及优化结构参数。[方法]对筛筒外径、进口直径及筛网孔径的不同组合在固定的流量条件下进行测试,通过对过滤速率和污染物去除率的对比分析和统筹考虑,确定最佳的结构参数组合。[结果]通过分析出口流量、平均过滤速率以及对污染物的去除效率,得出了过滤器的最佳结构参数为:过滤器外径250 mm、进口直径57 mm、筛网目数24目。[结论]该研究结果为旋转流过滤器优化设计提供了理论依据。