Groundwater and Light Conditions as Factors in the Survival of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus Robur L.) Seedlings

A noticeable decline and physiological weakening of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) has been recorded in the past decade in lowland parts of Slovenia. The triggers were dry climate, unfavourable precipitation patterns and human influence that brought about changes in watercourses and water tables. Regeneration and future management of this tree species is therefore questionable. To define a critical groundwater table which would permit successful regeneration, planted and naturally grown seedlings were compared in two forests differing in the degree of decline and physiological weakness of adult pedunculate oak trees. Comparison of stomatal conductance and pre-dawn water potential (PWP) showed differences of seedlings between and within forest complexes. Stomatal conductance dropped below 100 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ at PWP values below −1.0 MPa, while closure of stomata was caused by a PWP between −1.6 and −1.9 MPa. Increased water stress equalized photosynthetic yield in both natural and planted oaks below −1.4 MPa.     

土壤水分胁迫对杜仲叶片光合及水分利用特征的影响

通过实验研究了华北石质山区4种不同土壤水分条件下3a生杜仲苗木叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)等参数的光响应过程。结果表明:(1)杜仲叶片在土壤水分轻度(W1)、中度(W2)和重度(W3)胁迫条件下的光饱和点分别比对照(CK)下降12.5%、44.8%、68.5%,晴天日光合速率最大值分别比对照(CK)下降21.5%、47%、69.7%;(2)叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)呈现随光合有效辐射(PAR)增加而上升的趋势。对比CK,Tr在W1、W2和W3条件下分别下降了17%、52%和93%;(3)Gs随着PAR的增加而逐渐上升。对比CK,Gs在W1、W2和W3条件下分别下降了22.6%、67.9%、88.7%。从无水分胁迫一直到中度水分胁迫条件下,气孔限制是影响光合作用的主要原因,而土壤水分严重胁迫条件下,当PAR小于1000μmol.m-2.s-1时,气孔限制是影响光合作用的主要原因,尔后转变为非气孔限制;(4)叶片水分利用效率(WUE)对光强的适应范围比较广,W3条件下,WUE值最高。CK、W1、W2条件下,WUE相差不大,对比W3,分别下降68.6%、69.5%、67.3%。     

烤烟光合作用的生育期变化及其与环境因子的关系

利用Li6400光合仪研究了不同部位烟叶光合作用的周期性变化,结果表明:不同部位烟叶的Pn、Tr和Gs的变化表现出不同的趋势,均出现了高峰和低谷,但不同部位烟叶的Pn、Tr和Gs高峰和低谷的高低和出现时间有所不同。生育期内中部叶和上部叶的Pn、Gs平均值均大于下部叶,以中部叶最大;Tr平均值大小依次为中部叶、下部叶、上部叶。对Pn影响最大的因子是Gs,其次是VPD、RH、Ta和PAR;对Tr影响最大的因子是VPD,其次是Ta、RH、Gs和PAR。     

Photosynthetic response of white spruce families to drought stress

In the context of climate change, an increased frequency of drought stresses might occur at a regional scale in boreal forests. To assess photosynthetic responses to drought treatment, seedlings of 12 open-pollinated families of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) differing in their growth performance were grown in a controlled environment. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as shoot xylem water potential (WP) were measured for 21 successive days after watering was stopped. Net photosynthesis decreased as stomatal conductance decreased. Net photosynthesis was not affected by drought until WP reached –2.0 MPa when stomata were closed. Initial fluorescence (F and basic fluorescence after induction (F00) were not affected by drought. A progressive decrease in maximal (Fm) and variable fluorescences (Fv), maximum photosystem II (PS II) efficiency (Fv = Fm), effective quantum yield of PS II (FII), photochemical efficiency of open PS II (Fp), and photochemical quenching (qP) was observed at WP < - 1.0 MPa, whereas non-photochemical quenching (qN) remained high throughout the drought treatment. White spruce families with inferior growth performance showed higher values of Fm, Fv, Fv = Fm, Fp, and qN at WP< - 2.0MPa. The results indicated that chlorophyll fluorescence variables can be used as drought markers in relation to present or predicted climate conditions. These could be used for selecting planting stock adapted to drought periods or dry environments. These markers showed that slow-growing genotypes are better adapted to drought conditions than intermediate or fast-growing genotypes in present and predicted drought conditions.     

柑橘类植物叶片的气孔研究

用扫描电镜观察30个柑橘类植物叶片气孔密度、气孔长轴、气孔器长轴和短轴及气孔器的形态。结果表明,枳叶片气孔呈平列型,金柑和柑橘属植物气孔属无规则型,气孔呈狭长椭圆形,北京柠檬气孔器为圆形,其他试材气孔器为椭圆形。同种类试材的气孔密度、气孔长轴、气孔器大小具有较大的相似性或完全相同,不同种类之间的上述性状则表现较大差异,这说明柑橘叶片气孔密度、气孔长轴和气孔器大小和形态可以作为研究果树遗传育种,区别品种、类型的重要微观特征。     

砧木对盐处理下‘丰水’梨幼树光合特性的影响

 用CIRAS-1便携式光合作用测定系统研究不同盐浓度处理下，分别以‘豆梨’、‘杜梨’作砧木的‘丰水’梨幼树叶片光合作用。结果表明：(1)不同砧木对盐处理下的丰水梨叶片光合作用反应有显著影响；(2)在相同条件下杜梨上的丰水较豆梨上的丰水有更高的净光合率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs )、蒸腾速率(Tr)和羧化效率(CE)，而在高浓度盐处理下，前者较后者有较低的细胞间隙CO₂浓度(Ci)。(3)低盐胁迫对梨叶片光合作用的抑制，初期主要表现为气孔性限制，而在高盐处理和低盐处理后期主要表现为非气孔性限制；(4)不同砧木对梨叶片光合作用的影响在高盐处理后期差异不明显。     

春小麦蒸发蒸腾的调控

春小麦蒸发蒸腾受环境条件,土壤水分状况和小麦叶片气孔的综合调控。甘肃河西地区辐射强列,与春小麦蒸发蒸腾具有高度相关性（ｒ〉０．９５）,决定了该地区作物的高耗水特性。土壤水分条件在水势为－０．０１－－０．１ＭＰａ时,春小麦蒸发蒸腾受气象条件影响和小麦叶片气孔调节的作用较大;当土壤水势降至－０．３－－１．５ＭＰａ时,叶片气孔开始关闭,太阳辐射对春小麦蒸发蒸腾的作用明显减弱（相关系数ｒ〈０．３１）。土壤     

Regulated deficit irrigation in potted Dianthus plants: Effects of severe and moderate water stress on growth and physiological responses

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physiological and morphological response of carnation plants to different levels of irrigation and to evaluate regulated deficit irrigation as a possible technique for saving water through the application of controlled drought stress. Carnations, Dianthus caryophyllus L. cultivar, were pot-grown in an unheated greenhouse and submitted to two experiments. In the first experiment, the plants were exposed to three irrigation treatments: (control); 70% of the control (moderate deficit irrigation, MDI) and 35% of the control (severe deficit irrigation, SDI). In the second experiment, the plants were submitted to a control treatment, deficit irrigation (DI, 50% of the control) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). After 15 weeks, MDI plants showed a slightly reduced total dry weight, plant height and leaf area, while SDI had clearly reduced all the plant size parameters. RDI plants had similar leaf area and total dry weight to the control treatment during the blooming phase. MDI did not affect the number of flowers and no great differences in the colour parameters were observed. RDI plants had higher flower dry weight, while plant quality was affected by the SDI (lower number of shoots and flowers, lower relative chlorophyll content). Leaf osmotic potential decreased with deficit irrigation, but more markedly in SDI, which induced higher values of leaf pressure. Stomatal conductance (g_s) decreased in drought conditions more than the photosynthetic rate (P_n). Osmotic adjustment of 0.3 MPa accompanied by decreases in elasticity in response to drought resulted in turgor less at lower leaf water potentials and prevented turgor loss during drought periods.     

铅胁迫对植物光合作用影响的研究进展

铅胁迫是影响植物正常生长发育的重要环境胁迫因素之一.从叶绿体超微结构、叶绿素含量、活性氧代谢、叶绿素荧光参数以及矿质元素方面,分析了铅胁迫对植物光合作用的影响,并且分析了光合作用中气孔限制因素与非气孔限制因素之间的关系.     

基于五水转化装置的玉米光合特性分析

利用中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所“五水转化动力过程实验装置”,开展温室条件下玉米净光合速率及其关键影响因子的实验观测研究,探索玉米各生育阶段、植株各叶位叶片净光合速率的分布特征及其与叶片生理生态参数的关联性。结果表明：玉米全生育期内叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量、气孔导度和氮含量均呈单峰曲线型变化趋势,但净光合速率峰值出现时间在乳熟期,比前人观测的大田峰值出现时间（抽雄吐丝期）晚一个生育期,且数值较低;净光合速率与叶绿素含量、气孔导度随叶位的变化大体呈现中间叶位高、基部与顶端叶位低的分布特征。各生育阶段玉米净光合速率与叶绿素含量间的相关系数最高（R=0.94,P＜0.05）,其次为净光合速率与叶片N含量的相关性及其与气孔导度的相关性（R=0.77,P＜0.05）;各叶位净光合速率与气孔导度的变化特征一致。该装置更适合进行气候变化、水分变化、养分变化等控制实验研究。