毛乌素沙地植被物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

[目的]分析植被物候时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应,为区域荒漠化土地治理以及退化生态环境的恢复重建工作提供理论依据。[方法]以毛乌素沙地为研究区,基于2000—2019年的MODIS NDVI数据,采用双逻辑函数法拟合植被生长曲线,利用动态阈值法提取植被生长开始日期(SOS)、生长季结束日期(EOS)和生长季长度(GSL)3个物候参数,利用Theil-Sen Median和Mann-Kendall方法对物候进行趋势分析,并利用相关性分析及F检验方法研究物候与气候的关系。[结果](1) SOS呈提前趋势,平均提前0.7 d/a, EOS变化趋势不明显,GSL呈延长趋势,平均延长0.65 d/a。(2)SOS的多年均值主要集中在一年中的第90—140 d,在空间上由东到西逐渐推迟,EOS的多年均值主要集中在第300—330 d,空间上由南向北逐渐提前,GSL多年均值集中在第180—250 d,空间上由东到西逐渐缩短。(3)植被SOS与春季累计降水量、3—4月降水量呈负相关的区域面积分别为90.81%,83.85%和61.70%,与春季季前平均温度、3—4月平均温度呈负相关的区域面积为58...     

衡水市常见园林植物的物候期观察

以衡水市园林植物为试材,通过连续2年的调查,观测了各园林植物的萌芽期、展叶期、开花期、果实发育期、叶片变色期和落叶期等物候变化.结果表明,衡水市的园林植物物候期分布较合理,从3月中旬开始一直持续到12月底,但花期过于集中,在植物的配置与栽培管理方面需要加强.2011年同2010年相比较,园林植物物候期存在明显提前的现象,大部分植物全年的物候期比2010年延长了15～30 d不等.在不同时期,植物表现出明显的种内与种间差异,这些差异数据可为园林绿化的树种选择、合理配置以及研究气候变化规律提供理论参考.     

果洛牧区草地生态畜牧业建设的思考及对策

依据果洛州草地畜牧业现状和草地生态环境日益恶化的趋势,提出了改善草地生态环境和发展草地畜牧业的对策和措施。     

兴安落叶松天然林丰产化培育立木度表编制方法

选择内蒙古大兴安岭林区兴安落叶松天然幼、中龄林、采用生长量分析的方法，对丰产区用立木度的理论编制丰产化培育立木度表，它能够适应兴安落叶松天然幼、中龄林林木分布不均匀、林分密度变化幅度大、生长差异明显、分布地域广等特点。结果表明立木度表易于理解、便于掌握，对于生产作业具有一定的适用性。     

Growth Analysis, Herbage and Seed Yield of Certain Forage Legume Species Under Rainfed Conditions

The need to increase forage production for the growing livestock population in the Mediterranean region necessitates the evaluation of various promising forage species with respect to maximum herbage yield, optimum time for harvest and seed yield. Seven forage legumes, woolly pod vetch ( Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa accession 683), narbon vetch (V. narbonensis accession 67), common vetch ( V. sativa selections 2541, 2037, 2020), common chickling ( Lathyrus sativus selection 439) and ochrus chickling ( L. ochrus selection 104) were compared over two years with contrasting rainfall. In both years the entries were sown in November and their primary growths sampled periodically during growth. For each sample, phenology, total dry matter, leaf area index (LAI) and, at maturity, total dry matter, seed yield and harvest index, were recorded.
In both seasons, narbon vetch attained the highest dry matter and seed yields, and there was very limited variability in the maximum dry matter yield of the other entries. In general, the maximum dry matter occurred at 20–50 % podding in woolly pod vetch, 100 % podding in common vetch selection 2541 (local), narbon vetch and common chickling and at maturity in common vetch selection 2037, selection 2020 and ochrus chickling.
Throughout the vegetative to early flowering stages, woolly pod vetch had the highest dry matter yield and LAI. Possible uses of each species as animal feed are discussed.     

Agronomic Potential of Three Vetches (Vicia spp.) Under Rainfed Conditions

The major limiting factor to livestock production in West Asia and North Africa is the inadequate feed supply. The introduction of leguminous forage species into fallow lands represents a means of increasing feed supplies for the rapidly growing livestock population.
Twenty five lines each of common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) wooly-pod vetch ( Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa Ten.), and bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia L.) were tested over three seasons with contrasting rainfalls and winter temperatures. For each species, seedling vigour, winter growth, cold effect, spring growth, leafiness, herbage yield at 100 % flowering, grain yield, harvest index and aspects of herbage quality were recorded. There were considerable variation among entries with the same species, entries of V. ervilia were the earlier in flowering and maturity, and V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa almost the latest by 45 days. V. sativa , was the most affected by frost whilst both V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa and V. ervilia proved to be cold tolerant.
Although V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa produced high herbage yield in springs its grain yield is low resulting in a low harvest index. Both V. ervilia and V. sativa produced high grain yield with high harvest index. Seed yield was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with days to flowering and maturity indicating the need of earlier types.
Quality of the herbage in term of digestibility was far lower (46 % IVDMD) in V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa than the other two species (69 % and 72 %).
The possible niches and utilization of each species as animal feed in the prevailing farming systems are discussed.     

Interactions between different genotypic tissues in citrus graft chimeras

The heritability of tolerance of wheat F₃ lines to competition from annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), and its relationship to morphological traits, were determined using crosses between wheat cultivars with good and poor competitive ability. Forty F₂-derived F₃ lines from a cross between two late flowering varieties (Machete × Spear) and 40 from a cross between early flowering varieties (Wilgoyne × Gutha) were grown in the field with and without annual ryegrass. There was significant genetic variation between lines within each of the two populations in a number of aspects of plant growth and development, including yield in monoculture. The estimates of heritability for % yield loss due to competition were 0.25 and 0.57 in the two crosses respectively, indicating that selection for high tolerance to competition in the F₃ generation or later should be effective. Fairly strong relationships between height and % yield loss and between leaf length and % yield loss suggest that these may be useful auxiliary traits when selecting for low % yield loss. However, differences between crosses in the magnitude and sign of genetic and phenotypic correlation between traits indicate that competitive ability is a complex character influenced by many factors. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

New strategies for increasing heterozygosity in crops: Vicia faba mating system as a study case

Our research assesses the feasibility of using artificial selection on pre-mating floral traits to modify the mating system of faba bean (Vicia faba). This analysis considered two synthetic populations, which were derived from different genetic pools and had undergone five years of multiplication. For these populations, we identified floral and inflorescence traits that influence outcrossing per plant and examined the relative importance of these traits in governing yield. Codominant isozyme loci and the mixed-mating model were used to estimate the multilocus female outcrossing rate. A maternal half-sib design was used to evaluate the additive genetic component of floral and inflorescence traits, yield and yield components. Multiple regression was used to assess the effects of floral and inflorescence traits on outcrossing and yield and components of yield. The two populations exhibited mixing mating. Self-fertilization appears to result from the action of pollinating bees, so that its incidence could be modified by selection on floral and inflorescence traits that affect pollination. Floral and inflorescence traits affected individual differences in outcrossing unequally, with most variation being associated with the numbers of displayed flowers and inflorescences. Variation among plants in reward traits and in shape, although statistically significant, had limited and inconsistent influences on individual differences in outcrossing. Yield and its components varied strongly with aspects of floral display and, to a lesser extent, floral design, except for seed weight. Overall, our results imply that both outcrossing and yield could be enhanced by selection for plants that produce more inflorescences, each with relatively few flowers.     

Adaptive properties of Picea abies progenies are influenced by environmental signals during sexual reproduction

Summary Several independent tests have shown that climate and weather during sexual reproduction influence the adaptive properties of the Picea abies progenies. This phenomenon is expressed in seed orchards established by moving parent trees, propagated as grafts, from north to south, from high to low elevation, or from outdoor to indoor greenhouse conditions. The progenies exhibit delayed flushing in the spring, later growth cessation of leader shoots in the summer, delayed bud-set, higher frequency of lammas shoots and delayed development of frost hardiness in the autumn compared to progenies reproduced in the colder native environment. The altered performance is persistent. We have found no effect on progenies of photoperiod and temperature treatments given to the males during meiosis and pollen production. However, when crosses were made in early spring (March), inside a heated greenhouse (short day, high temperature), the progenies are less frost hardy during cold acclimation than progenies from identical crosses performed in late spring (May; long day high temperature) in the greenhouse. The most hardy offspring were from crosses performed under outdoor conditions in May (long day, low temperature). These results indicate that some stages in reproduction, such as female meiosis, pollen tube growth, syngamy and early embryo development, are sensitive to temperature and/or photoperiod which then alter the phenotypic performance of the offspring. The most likely explanation is the existence of a regulatory mechanism affecting the expression of genes controlling adaptive traits. If this is true, it must have implications for the genetic interpretation of provenance differences in Norway spruce.     

Differential reaction of wheat cultivars to hot environments

Summary Ten to 20 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of Israeli origin were grown in three winter (normal) and two summer (abnormal) growing seasons. During the period of emergence to anthesis mean daily temperature was on the average 12°C higher and photoperiod was about 3 h longer in the summer than in the winter. Data was collected on the durations of the periods from emergence to double-ridge (GS1), double ridge to anthesis (GS2) and anthesis to grain maturation (GS3), as well as on yield and yield components.The duration of all developmental stages was reduced by high temperature. While the duration of GS2 was the most thermo-sensitive, it may also have been reduced by the longer summer photoperiod. The effect of photoperiod on GS2 could not be isolated, but the results were interpreted to show that the effect of photoperiod on the duration of GS2 was relatively small.The most heat-affected yield component was number of grains per spikelet and the least affected component was the number of spikes per plant. High temperature reduced grain weight via reduced grain growth duration and not grain growth rate. A general linear regression model of yield on its components revealed that while variation for number of spikes per plant had the greatest effect on yield variation among cultivars in the winter, variation for number of grains per spikelet and spikelets per spike were by far the most important in the summer. Grain weight was the least important component, in this respect, in all seasons. Varieties which sustained the highest yield in hot environments were able to maintain the longest duration of GS2 and the highest number of grain per spike.