基于作物需水机制的远程无线自动化喷灌系统研究

我国水资源短缺与水资源浪费并存的现象十分严重,而农业用水效率不高,农田灌溉水的利用效率低下就是其中之一。其原因主要是灌溉方式不合理,造成水资源浪费严重、利用效率低下,加剧了水资源的短缺。近年来,国家对节灌技术的发展愈加重视,出现了许多新型的节水灌溉装置,提出基于作物需水机制的远程无线自动化喷灌系统,是以单片机为自动化控制中枢,采用Arduino技术设计,可以实时监测大田不同部分的缺水情况,并对缺水部分田地定点喷灌直至达到适宜含水量范围,从根本上改变了以人为经验为依据的粗犷的灌溉方式,可以节省大量的资源。     

黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙、磷的需要量

为探明黄河鲇Silurus lanzhouensis幼鱼对饲料钙、磷的适宜需要量,选取总能、钙、粗蛋白质、非植酸磷、赖氨酸5个因素作为试验因素,每个因素各设6个水平,钙为0.50%~1.34%,非植酸磷为0.50%~1.00%,采用均匀设计法U*6(64)设计6种配合饲料,饲喂体质量为(170±5)g的黄河鲇幼鱼,分别记为A、B、C、D、E、F组,饲养时间为60 d。试验结束后,以增重率、特定生长率、肌肉和肝脏RNA/DNA值、粗蛋白质离体消化率为试验指标,采用偏最小二乘法建立回归方程,通过降维分析和优化求解,分析研究黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙和非植酸磷的适宜需要量。结果表明:C组(钙0.56%、非植酸磷0.60%)试验鱼的增重率、特定生长率和肌肉RNA/DNA最高,分别为84.83%、1.02%和2.98,肠、肝、胃中粗蛋白质离体消化率也达到最大值,分别为67.53%、66.76%、51.52%;随着饲料中钙、非植酸磷含量的增加,鱼体增重率、特定生长率、肌肉RNA/DNA值和粗蛋白质离体消化率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。研究表明,饲料中钙和非植酸磷含量对黄河鲇幼鱼生长、蛋白质合成能力、饲料粗蛋白质离体消化率影响明显,黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙的适宜需要量为0.54%,对非植酸磷的适宜需要量为0.50%~0.53%。     

西瓜的需肥特点及施肥技术

西瓜营养丰富,果肉味甜,能降温去暑,是人们喜食的一类水果。西瓜生长过程中需肥量较多,如果营养不足或养分比例不当,会严重影响其产量和品质。在充分了解西瓜的需肥特点之后,提出应根据西瓜的长势、生长规律,注意氮、磷、钾三元素的合理搭配以及有机肥和化肥的互补作用,进行合理施肥,才能取得西瓜的高产。     

基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线的小麦氮肥需求量估测研究

为探究基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线估测小麦氮素需求量的可行性,基于不同生态区开展的不同品种及氮肥水平的小麦试验,结合小麦临界氮浓度曲线(N_c=4.16W~(-0.41)),构建了拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和开花期四个关键生育时期下,小麦氮营养指数(NNI)、氮素需求量(NR)及相对产量(RY)三者间的关系模型,并进行了验证。结果表明,在江苏地区,当总施氮量在120～180kg·hm~(-2)时,小麦的氮素需求量最接近于0,氮营养指数最接近于1,为最优的氮素施用量。氮营养指数与氮素需求量(NNI-NR)在小麦生长的各关键阶段存在极强的线性关系(R~2=0.93～0.97);相对产量与氮营养指数(RY-NNI)在各生育时期呈现线性加平台关系,在开花期表现最好,R~2=0.86;相对产量与氮素需求量(RY-NR)的拟合关系在抽穗期表现最好,R~2值为0.72。NNI-NR验证结果与建模结果一致,即在各时期均表现良好,其中拔节期相关关系最强;但RY-NNI和RY-NR验证结果显示两模型分别在开花期和抽穗期预测效果表现最佳。综上,所构建的NNI-NR、RY-NNI和RY-NR三种模型均具有良好的拟合优度和稳定性,运用基于临界氮浓度曲线的小麦氮营养指数和确立的相对产量水平,可以较好地估测当季的小麦氮素需求量,并进行小麦田间氮素精确管理。     

Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Protonibea diacanthus

An 8‐week experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary lysine requirement for juvenile Protonibea diacanthus. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain levels of 10.8 (L10.8), 18.2 (L18.2), 26.1 (L26.1), 33.9 (L33.9), 40.7 (L40.7) and 48.6 g/kg (L48.6) of diets and were fed to the juvenile Protonibea diacanthus, respectively. The results indicated that weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and final weight (FW) increased as the dietary lysine level increased from 10.8 to 26.1 g/kg and then decreased as the dietary lysine levels further increased (p < .05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found when dietary lysine level was 26.1 g/kg. Analysis of specific growth rate by two slope broken‐line model indicated that the estimated optimal dietary levels of lysine for juvenile Protonibea diacanthus was 23.06 g/kg (51.24 g/kg dietary protein).     

The minimum dietary requirement of vitamin C in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry using Ca ascorbate-2-monophosphate as dietary source

The minimum dietary vitamin C requirement for optimal growth and normal development in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry at the onset of feeding was studied, using Ca ascorbate-2-monophosphate (AP) as dietary source. The requirement was established by means of a feeding study lasting for 23 weeks from the beginning of feeding. The practical diets used were supplemented with AP at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalents/kg. Growth, mortality, hydroxyproline content in skin and backbone, and AA in liver were recorded to evaluate the results. The results suggest that the minimum dietary requirement for optimal growth and normal development is in the range of 10–20 mg AA equivalents/kg dry diet during the period studied.     

Comparative study on dietary protein requirements for juvenile and pre‐adult gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III)

Two 8‐week growth trials were conducted in indoor recirculation system to evaluate the protein requirements for juvenile (3.70 ± 0.20 g) and pre‐adult (85.2 ± 0.70 g) gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III. Six isoenergetic diets were formulated for each trial using fish meal and casein as protein sources, and protein level was 250–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 200–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2. With the increasing dietary protein, feeding rate (FR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Weight gain (WG) increased first and then reached a plateau in 330–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 (P > 0.05), while decreased after the maximum value in 350 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Productive protein values (PPVs) were lower in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 400–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary protein level increased protein content and decreased lipid content in whole fish body and white muscle (P < 0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matters (ADC_d) decreased, while apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (ADC_p) increased in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 250–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Trypsin activity significantly increased in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 (P < 0.05) and was not affected in Trial 2 (P > 0.05). Hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in both trials increased when dietary protein was above 400 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Based on quadratic regression of WG, it was estimated that dietary protein requirement for maximum growth was 414 g kg^?1 (digestible protein of 376 g kg^?1) and 365 g kg^?1 (digestible protein of 324 g kg^?1) for juvenile (3.70 g) and pre‐adult gibel carp (85.2 g).     

黄颡鱼营养学的研究进展

黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）的营养学研究主要体现在食性分析、肌肉营养成份的测定等基础研究上,而营养需求上的研究主要体现在配合饲料配方上的饲养试验,对于确定某种营养素需要量的研究报道较少。本文综述了黄颡鱼对蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物、维生素及无机盐的需要量。黄颡鱼配合饲料中蛋白质的适宜含量（稚幼鱼）为39%～45%、（成鱼）为34%～38%,脂肪的适宜含量为7%～9%,碳水化合物的适宜含量为20%～23%、粗纤维的适宜含量为5%～6%,无机盐的适宜含量为1%～2.5%。     

篮子鱼生物学与养殖技术研究现状及展望

篮子鱼共有27种,广泛分布于热带亚热带的印度洋-太平洋及地中海东部海域.篮子鱼具有食性杂、养殖周期短、营养价值高等优点,可摄食藻类,混养时能提高单位水体产量.近年来篮子鱼生物学研究不断深入,人工繁育逐渐开展,养殖规模不断扩大.综述了篮子鱼形态结构、生长特性、食性与营养需求等生物学特征,总结了篮子鱼池塘养殖与网箱养殖技术,并对人工养殖存在的问题与发展前景进行了阐述,预计篮子鱼可以开发成为优良的杂食性养殖品种.     

The effect of taurine supplementation to a plant‐based diet for barramundi (Lates calcarifer) with varying methionine content

The effect of variable taurine inclusion (Tau) (1 g/kg DM to 15 g/kg DM) in the diet of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) on growth and nutrient utilization was investigated at three levels of dietary methionine (Met) supplementation. Diets were fed to juvenile barramundi (starting weight: 26.8 g) twice daily under a restricted pair‐fed regime for a period of 42 days. No significant effect of dietary Tau supply on growth or nutrient utilization was observed at any level of Met inclusion. Numerical variations suggested a positive effect of Tau provision at the mid‐level of supplementation (6–8 g/kg DM). The best‐fit response model (5‐SKM), fitted to the percentage body weight gain data of fish fed diets with an adequate level of Met, suggested a relatively weak pattern of response (R² = 0.183) and predicted a Tau requirement of 5.47 g/kg DM (9.64 g/kg CP) similar to that reported for several other species. It was concluded that taurine appears to be conditionally essential to barramundi, whereby provision in the diet when sulphur amino acid supply is insufficient to meet biosynthetic demands may be beneficial, but that the predicted requirement is likely reasonably accurate for use as a minimum level of inclusion.