Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions: A case study of Iran

Drought occurs in almost all climate zones and is characterized by prolonged water deficiency due to unbalanced demand and supply of water, persistent insufficient precipitation, lack of moisture, and high evapotranspiration. Drought caused by insufficient precipitation is a temporary and recurring meteorological event. Precipitation in semi-arid regions is different from that in other regions, ranging from 50 to 750 mm. In general, the semi-arid regions in the west and north of Iran received more precipitation than those in the east and south. The Terrestrial Climate (TerraClimate) data, including monthly precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) developed by the University of Idaho, were used in this study. The PDSI data was directly obtained from the Google Earth Engine platform. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) on two different scales were calculated in time series and also both SPI and SPEI were shown in spatial distribution maps. The result showed that normal conditions were a common occurrence in the semi-arid regions of Iran over the majority of years from 2000 to 2020, according to a spatiotemporal study of the SPI at 3-month and 12-month time scales as well as the SPEI at 3-month and 12-month time scales. Moreover, the PDSI detected extreme dry years during 2000-2003 and in 2007, 2014, and 2018. In many semi-arid regions of Iran, the SPI at 3-month time scale is higher than the SPEI at 3-month time scale in 2000, 2008, 2014, 2015, and 2018. In general, this study concluded that the semi-arid regions underwent normal weather conditions from 2000 to 2020. In a way, moderate, severe, and extreme dry occurred with a lesser percentage, gradually decreasing. According to the PDSI, during 2000-2003 and 2007-2014, extreme dry struck practically all hot semi-arid regions of Iran. Several parts of the cold semi-arid regions, on the other hand, only experienced moderate to severe dry from 2000 to 2003, except for the eastern areas and wetter regions. The significance of this study is the determination of the spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological drought in semi-arid regions of Iran using strongly validated data from TerraClimate.     

基于机器学习融合多源遥感数据模拟SPEI监测山东干旱

以山东省为研究区,选择偏差校正随机森林BRF（Bias-corrected random forest）,支持向量回归SVR（Support vector regression）和Cubist模型三种机器学习方法融合多影响因子模拟3个月时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI-3,以期为精确监测山东地区干旱提供一种方法。将2001−2017年23个站点的SPEI-3值作为因变量,多源遥感数据包括降水量、地表温度、蒸散发、潜在蒸散发、归一化植被指数以及土壤湿度六类7个影响因子作为自变量,自变量和因变量构成数据集的80%作为训练集,20%作为测试集。根据BRF模型得到研究区各个站点的模拟值以及各影响因子的相对重要性,绘制SPEI-3的空间分布图,并进行验证。结果表明,综合因子比单一因子模拟效果好,BRF模型测试集中的模拟值和观测值的决定系数R2达到了0.856,均方根误差RMSE为0.359,BRF模型能较好模拟站点SPEI-3值。大部分站点模拟值与观测值反映的干旱趋势一致,反映站点不同程度旱情的月份个数基本相同。此外,BRF模型模拟的SPEI-3的空间分布与站点SPEI-3观测值表现的干旱程度基本一致,且SPEI-3空间分布站点之外栅格数据也可以较准确地反映旱情,说明根据BRF模型可在站点和空间尺度上较精确地监测山东地区干旱情况。     

区分所有建筑物之共有部分的权益研究

建筑物区分所有权是对一栋楼房中专有部分的专有权,对共有部分的共有权以及因共有关系而产生的管理权的结合。区分所有建筑物包括共有部分和专有部分。共有部分涉及众多当事人间多重的权利义务关系。区分所有建筑物共有部分的范围、法律性质,明确区分所有人对共有部分的权利、义务,以使共有部分得以充分利用。     

Tests and analysis on energy consumption of heating ventilating and air conditioning systems in commercial buildings

Three typical commercial buildings in Chongqing, P.R. China were selected to study the actual summertime operation and energy situations of heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in commercial buildings. Based on tests of energy consumption of HVAC systems in these three buildings, we analyzed the electricity consumption of the main components of the air conditioning systems. The energy efficiency of the chillers and air conditioning water distribution systems were studied. The indoor thermal environment in these three buildings were also tested and discussed. It is concluded that problems exist in the air conditioning systems of commercial buildings. Among the problems are over sized system design, low equipment operating efficiencies, poor operation management, and lack of indoor temperature controls. To reduce energy consumption of HVAC systems in commercial buildings, we propose energy efficient strategies such as sizing systems based on accurate load calculation and automatic control under partial load conditions.     

沙棘林木生长与地上部生物量动态

依据１９９８年在半干旱黄土丘陵区安塞、吴旗的调查资料,对沙棘年生长及单株地上部生物量进行了分析。结果表明：（１）时间的三次系基式与生长的关系能较好地反映生长期内生长与时间的关系;（２）沙棘单株地上部各器官生物量占地上部生物量的分配比率顺序为：枝〉茎〉叶〉桔枝;且枝、叶、枯枝生物量与树彰有十分显著的相关关系,茎与树龄间有的相关关系;（３）可用树高、地径、树个械模型与地径、冠幅、多年生枝长结合模型估测     

4H-2型花生收获机挖掘部件载荷试验与分析

4H-2型花生收获机是采用新原理研制成功的一种花生收获机械,以此花生收获机的挖掘部件作为试验对象,通过载荷测试,采集挖掘部件工作时圆周力、向心力和扭矩载荷变化的时域曲线,在此基础上,进行了4H-2型花生收获机的载荷自功率频谱分析。试验结果证明,该花生收获机以反平行四边形机构组成的传动系统很好地实现了机器工作时侧向载荷的平衡,而且频率集中、工作稳定。     

企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪酸组成

对企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪进行了提取和测定。结果表明,企鹅珍珠贝和马氏珠母贝软体部脂肪含量分别为8.3%和9.6%。企鹅珍珠贝脂肪酸中DHA EPA的总含量为39.71%,比马氏珠母贝脂肪酸中DHA EPA的总含量(30.86%)高。2种珍珠贝软体部脂肪酸均具有重要的开发利用价值。     

花生收获机传动系统的运动机理分析与参数优化

通过对4H-2型花生收获机传动系统的运动机理分析,得到了该收获机传动部件的运动规律以及传动部件中主要参数的关系表达式。以提高作业质量、延长机具寿命、简化结构布局、确保动力传动的高效可靠为目标,建立了传动机构的优化模型。利用Matlab等相关软件,对4H-2型花生收获机的传动机构进行了优化分析,确定了主要杆件的尺寸,提高了4H-2型花生收获机的性能与工作可靠性,降低了造价。     

池塘养殖的中华绒螯蟹与长江野生中华绒螯蟹生物学特性比较

通过分析池塘养殖与长江野生中华绒螯蟹的生物学指数、可食部分比例、营养成分组成,以比较两者的品质.结果表明:与长江野生中华绒螯蟹相比,池塘养殖的中华绒螯蟹的肌肉指数、肝脏指数、可食部分总和无显著变化(P＞0.05);雌性的性腺指数、性肝指数高于野生中华绒螯蟹,差异显著(P＜0.05),但雄性群体差异不显著(P＞0.05);雄性的粗蛋白质含量显著高于野生的雄性中华绒螯蟹(P＜0.05),但雌性群体差异不显著(P＞0.05);粗脂肪含量、无氮浸出物高于野生中华绒螯蟹,但雌雄群体之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);氨基酸总量高于野生中华绒螯蟹,差异达显著水平(P＜0.05);鲜味氨基酸总含量显著大于野生中华绒螯蟹(P＜0.05);饱和脂肪酸含量、单烯酸含量与野生中华绒螯蟹差异不显著(P＞0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸含量低于野生中华绒螯蟹,其中雌性群体之间差异显著(P＜0.05),雄性群体之间差异不显著(P0.05).     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in