Isotopic fractionation by saprotrophic microfungi: Effects of species, temperature and the age of colonies

Saprotrophic fungi represent an important resource for a number of fungivorous and omnivorous soil animals, but little is known about the patterns of isotopic fractionation by soil fungi. We grew five common species of saprotrophic microfungi in laboratory cultures on simple artificial substrate based on carbohydrates derived either from C3 or C4 plants. Fungal cultures were kept at 15, 20 or 25 °C. Isotopic composition of carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) in bulk fungal tissue was determined after 11, 21 and 32 days. The fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes was species-specific, but generally did not differ in C3- and C4-based growth media. The Zygomycete Mucor plumbeus did not differ in δ¹³C from the carbon source used, though Ascomycetes (Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma harzianum and Ulocladium botrytis) were depleted in heavy carbon relative to the carbon source by 0.5-0.9‰. Three species were significantly depleted in ¹⁵N relative to the sodium nitrate that was used as a single source of nitrogen. In all species, δ¹⁵N but not δ¹³C tended to increase with the age of fungal colonies. The effect of temperature on δ¹⁵N was weak and inconsistent in different species. In contrast, all fungi except T. harzianum accumulated more ¹³С at 25 °C than at 15 °C. The overall variation in the isotopic signatures of saprotrophic fungi growing in identical conditions reached 8‰ for δ¹⁵N and 2.5‰ for δ¹³C due to species-specific differences in the isotopic fractionation and the age of individual fungal colonies. This variation should be incorporated into the interpretation of the isotopic composition of fungivorous soil animals.     

Improved zinc tolerance in Eucalyptus globulus inoculated with Glomus deserticola and Trametes versicolor or Coriolopsis rigida

The potential of interactions between saprophytic and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to improve Eucalyptus globulus grown in soil contaminated with Zn were investigated. The presence of 100 mg kg ⁻¹ Zn decreased the shoot and root dry weight of E. globulus colonized with Glomus deserticola less than in plants not colonized with AM. Zn also decreased the extent of root length colonization by AM and the AM fungus metabolic activity, measured as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of the fungal mycelium inside the E. globulus root. The saprophytic fungi Trametes versicolor and Coriolopsis rigida increased the shoot dry weight and the tolerance of E. globulus to Zn when these plants were AM-colonized. Both saprophytic fungi increased the percentage of AM root length colonization and elevated G. deserticola SDH activity in the presence of all Zn concentrations applied to the soil. In the presence of 500 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ Zn, there were higher metal concentrations in roots and shoots of AM than in non-AM plants; furthermore, both saprophytic fungi increased Zn uptake by E. globulus colonized by G. deserticola. The higher root to shoot metal ratio observed in mycorrhizal E. globulus plants indicates that G. deserticola enhanced Zn uptake and accumulation in the root system, playing a filtering/sequestering role in the presence of Zn. However, saprophytic fungi did not increase the root to shoot Zn ratio in mycorrhizal E. globulus plants. The effect of the saprophytic fungi on the tolerance and the accumulation of Zn in E. globulus was mediated by its effect on the colonization and metabolic activity of the AM fungi.     

An AM fungus and a PGPR intensify the adverse effects of salinity on the stability of rhizosphere soil aggregates of Lactuca sativa

A mesocosm experiment was conducted to examine the effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe) and a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) (Pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni), alone or in combination, on the structural stability of the rhizosphere soil of Lactuca sativa L. grown under two levels of salinity. The plants inoculated with P. mendocina had significantly greater shoot biomass than the control plants at both salinity levels, whereas the mycorrhizal inoculation was only effective in increasing shoot biomass at the moderate salinity level. The aggregate stability of soils inoculated with the PGPR and/or G. mosseae significantly decreased with increasing saline stress (about 29% lower than those of soils under non-saline conditions). Only the inoculated soils showed higher concentrations of sodium (Na) under severe saline stress. The severe salinity stress decreased the glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) concentration, but the highest values of GRSP were recorded in the inoculated soils. Our findings suggest that the use of AM fungi and/or a PGPR for alleviating salinity stress in lettuce plants could be limited by their detrimental effect on soil structural stability.     

Mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increases soil water repellency and is sufficient to maintain water-stable soil aggregates

Using an in vitro bioreactor system in which the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices was grown in a soil devoid of detectable living microbes, we could show that the mycelium of this fungus contributed to the maintenance of water-stable soil aggregates and increased soil water repellency, as measured by water drop penetration time. This is to our knowledge the first demonstration of a causal link between AM fungal growth and water repellency of soil aggregates. Our results also place AM fungal contributions to soil aggregation on a firm mechanistic footing by showing that hyphae are sufficient to produce effects, in the absence of other soil biota, which have always been included in previous studies.     

食用菌抗重金属机制研究综述

综述了汞、铅、砷、镉、铜等重金属在食用菌栽培中的富集情况,以及对食用菌生长、抗氧化系统影响的研究现状。食用菌对汞、铅、硒等重金属都表现出了不同程度的富集现象,但是随着重金属浓度增大,对食用菌生长抑制作用增大,从而降低了食用菌对重金属的富集能力。食用菌的抗氧化系统是抵抗重金属胁迫的重要机制,但目前关于这方面的研究较少。     

白藜芦醇及其衍生物对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

为了明确植物源活性成分芪类化合物在农业病害防治中的前景,在离体条件下分别测定了白藜芦醇(Ⅰ)及其衍生物(Ⅱ~Ⅴ)对植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用以及对菌丝形态和孢子萌发的影响,采用叶片法和温室盆栽法研究了白藜芦醇的防病作用原理。结果表明:5个供试化合物对6种供试病原菌的菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,但均对番茄早疫病菌 Alternaria solani 的抑制活性最高,其中又以3,5-二羟基-4'-甲氧基二苯乙烯(Ⅲ)的抑制活性最高;白藜芦醇可造成番茄早疫病菌菌丝体畸形,并可抑制该病菌孢子的萌发,但未引起孢子形态改变。叶片法和温室盆栽法试验的结论一致,即白藜芦醇能够抑制病原菌的侵染,对植株起到一定的保护作用。     

产生物碱的甘肃贝母内生真菌的筛选、鉴定及抑菌活性测定

为了探索甘肃贝母(Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim.)内生真菌的应用价值,以甘肃贝母为材料,研究其内生真菌生物碱类代谢产物的多样性及抑菌活性。利用生物碱沉淀反应和薄层色谱技术(thinlayer chromatograph TLC)检测生物碱类成分,依据平板打孔法测定其抑菌活性,结合形态特征和内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer ITS)序列鉴定菌株。从甘肃贝母的健康鳞茎中分离得到13株内生真菌,其中,菌株G6能产生多种生物碱物质。但薄层色谱分析表明,菌株G6代谢的生物碱成分与川贝类生物碱并不一致。测定其抑菌活性发现,总生物碱提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌有显著的抑制效果而对粪肠球菌的抑制作用中等。结合形态学特征及ITS序列信息,菌株G6被鉴定为镰刀菌属接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)。虽然菌株G6并不能产生与寄主相同的生物碱物质,但其在新生物碱及抑菌化合物的开发利用方面具有一定的价值。     

油茶内生真菌的分离

[目的]了解油茶的内生真菌的种类和数量及其在组织器官中的分布情况,为油茶育种等提供参考。[方法]从油茶的根、茎、叶和果实中分离内生真菌,光学显微镜下观察真菌的形态。[结果]从油茶中共分离获得内生真菌39株,经鉴定为9个属,大多属于半知菌亚门,链格孢属是优势属。在油茶根部筛选出内生真菌6株,涉及3个属;茎部10株,涉及5个属;叶部18株,涉及7个属;果实5株,1个属。[结论]油茶不同部位内生真菌的分布和种群存在一定的差异。