缙云山食(药)用大型真菌资源调查研究

对缙云山自然保护区内食用与药用大型真菌资源进行调查研究。结果显示,保护区内拥有食用与药用菌共32科60属92种,其中食用菌26科46属72种,药用菌24科36属55种;食药双重价值类真菌18科24属35种;腐生真菌70种,菌根菌25种;该区食用与药用真菌十分丰富,具有较大的潜在利用价值。     

培养基成分对药用真菌多糖的影响

药用真菌是具有保健和治疗疾病作用的一类真菌,能产生丰富的次级代谢产物。多糖是一种重要的次级代谢产物,具有抗肿瘤、降血脂、抗病毒等多种生物学活性,目前已成为一个研究热点。从培养基成分角度,综述碳源、氮源、碳氮比、无机盐、生长促进物质、植物油、真菌激发子对药用真菌多糖产生的影响。     

四川省食用菌科技示范县品种及菌种调查研究(连载一)——栽培种类与使用品种

介绍了四川食用菌的资源优势、优势区域、产值产量以及生产中存在的主要问题。根据2009年～2011年连续3年跟踪调查结果,汇总了四川省食用菌科技示范县的主要栽培种类、使用品种或菌株,以及它们的来源,提出在生产第一线上存在着菌株、品种、菌种和新品种的概念混淆不清的问题,分析探讨了这4个名词之间的相互关系。     

Effects of edible-medicinal fungus crude extracts on vascular endothelial cells with high glucose-induced injury

AIM: To investigate the effects of crude extracts of Cordyceps gunnii (CGE), Lepista lentinus (LLE), Cordyceps sinensis (CSE) and Lentinus striguellus (LSE) on the proliferation of high glucose-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: The cultured HUVECs were divided into normal control group (treated with M199 culture medium alone), high glucose group (treated with M199 culture medium containing 33 mmol/L glucose) and 4 crude extracts of edible-medicinal fungi (CGE, LLE, CSE and LSE) intervention groups (treated with the crude extract of edible-medicinal fungus at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/L in high glucose M199 culture medium). The cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. The cell cycle and ROS level were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Compared with normal control group, the MTT absorbance value and the percentage of G₀/G₁ stage of the HUVECs in high glucose group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the percentage of S+G₂/M and ROS level were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with high glucose group, treatment with the crude extracts of Lepista lentinus and Lentinus striguellus decreased the cell absorbance value (P<0.05), and the inhibitory effect was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. However, Cordyceps gunnii had no effect (P>0.05). The crude extracts of Cordyceps sinensis (12.5~50 mg/L) significantly enhanced the proliferative activity of HUVECs, decreased the percentage of G₀/G₁ stage of HUVECs, increased the percentage of S+G₂/M of HUVECs, and reduced the intercellular ROS level (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Only Cordyceps sinensis crude extract effectively protects the HUVECs in high glucose-induced injury, which might be due to promoting more cells to enter to the cell cycle and down-regulating oxidative stress.     

28种药用植物提取液对6种植物病原真菌抑菌活性的测定

以瓜果腐霉（Pythium aphanidermatum）、辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）、尖镰孢菌（Fusarium oxysporium）、茄镰孢菌（Fusarium solani）、灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）、禾谷镰孢菌（Fusarium graminearum）等6种植物病原真菌为供试菌株,采用菌丝生长法对28种药用植物提取液的抑菌活性进行了测定。结果表明：丁香（Eugenia caryophyllata）对6种植物病原真菌的抑制率均达100%,乌梅（Armeniaca mume）、百部（Stemona sessilifolia）和木香（Aucklandia lappa）对5种植物病原真菌的抑制率均在70%以上。采用孢子萌发法对抑菌效果较好的5种药用植物进行进一步研究,结果表明：这5种药用植物对灰葡萄孢孢子萌发抑制率均在90%以上。     

土壤根际环境对烟草AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度的影响

[目的]研究烟草栽培土壤因子对烟草AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度的影响。[方法]检测山东日照和临沂烟区烟草根际土样理化性质,分析各土壤因子与烟草AM真菌定殖率、孢子密度的相关性。[结果]日照和临沂烟草土样均含有土著AM真菌孢子;AM真菌孢子数与定殖率呈现非显著性负相关;土壤中的碱解氮与有机质含量对烟草AM真菌定殖率具有负相关性,有效磷、速效钾、pH和蔗糖酶活性则具有正相关性。随着速效磷、速效钾以及碱解氮含量的增加,AM真菌孢子数降低,而适量的有机质有利于提高土壤AM真菌孢子数。[结论]影响烟草根系生长的土壤条件对AM真菌定殖率和孢子数有较大的影响。     

红树植物苦郎树提取物及其活性成分对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

采用活性跟踪法及色谱分离技术从红树植物苦郎树叶中分离获得2种抗菌化合物KLS -46和KLS-54,测定苦郎树甲醇提取物及2种化合物对西瓜枯萎病菌、芒果叶枯病菌、甘蔗凤梨病菌、香蕉炭疽病菌、梨黑斑病菌、梨褐斑病菌、柑橘疮痂病菌的抑菌活性.结果表明,苦郎树叶提取物对7种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性明显高于茎提取物和果提取物,10 g/L叶提取物对7种病原菌抑菌率为22.37％～100.00％.KLS-46对后5种病原菌菌丝生长的EC50值为9.79×10-3～7.88×10-2 g/L,KLS-54的EC50值为9.26×10-3～9.75×10-2g/L,2种活性成分对5种植物病原真菌菌丝的毒力相似.活性成分对甘蔗凤梨病菌、柑橘疮痂病菌和西瓜枯萎病菌的孢子萌发有较强的抑制活性,在浓度为0.25 g/L时,KLS -46的抑制率分别为98.31％、100.00％和98.15％,KLS-54的抑制率分别为99.83％、100.00％和99.33％.     

固定和染色方法对小麦胚乳细胞结构显示的影响

以扬麦16小麦颖果为材料,采用戊二醛-四氧化锇(GA-OsO₄)或高锰酸钾固定,并分别用5种染色方法[甲苯胺蓝-O (TBO)、多色性染液、高碘酸–希夫试剂(PAS)、考马斯亮蓝和PAS-TBO]进行半薄切片染色,对超薄切片进行醋酸双氧铀和柠檬酸铅染色,在光学显微镜和透射电镜下观察比较了小麦胚乳细胞结构显示的差异。结果表明,GA-OsO₄固定的半薄切片染色效果整体上优于高锰酸钾固定,但是在PAS-TBO复染中,高锰酸钾固定制样效果最好。在超薄切片观察中,GA-OsO₄固定制样能较好地保存胚乳细胞超微结构,但对膜性结构显示不够清晰,而高锰酸钾固定制样则能较好地固定细胞的膜性结构,并且能够增强膜结构反差,只是对多糖和蛋白质的固定和显色较差。因此,应根据观察对象来选择适当的固定及染色方法。     

狭叶柴胡内生真菌分布特征的研究

从狭叶柴胡(Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd.)中共分离得到13株内生真菌,经菌落形态观察及显微观察,鉴定为3目、4科、7属,并未见明显的优势菌群,且没有一个属能够同时从根、茎、叶三种组织中分离得到,表明不同菌属在宿主体内分布存在一定的组织特异性。研究为狭叶柴胡内生真菌的进一步开发奠定了理论与实践基础。     

Estimating breast height diameter and volume from stump diameter for three economically important species in Turkey

Abstract

In Fennoscandia, the concept of woodland key habitats has become one of the key concepts when defining hotspots for forest biodiversity. There is a serious lack of studies, however, in which the diversity value of the assumed key habitats has been assessed for any groups of organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the woodland key habitats as defined in the Finnish Forest Act can be advocated as diversity hotspots for polypores, a group of wood-decaying fungi including several red-listed species and species used as indicators for conservation value of forests. The study area was situated in the southern boreal zone, in eastern Finland. In total, 72 woodland key habitat sites representing six different habitat types, and 12 production forest sites as controls were investigated for their polypore assemblages. A total of 2077 records of 93 species was made, of which only 17 records of nine species were red-listed. On average, key habitats hosted more species than control forests, but of the six habitat types, only fresh and mesic–moist herb-rich forests differed significantly in species number from the control forests. Compared with control forests, key habitats can maintain rich polypore flora but, because of the low number of red-listed species found, they are likely to be of little help in the conservation of threatened polypores.