Suppressive effects of seed-applied fungicides on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) differ with fungicide mode of action and AMF species

Seed-applied fungicides are commonly used to prevent or suppress fungal disease organisms in pulse crop production. However, non-target beneficial fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), also may be affected. Seed-applied fungicides Agrox^® FL (active ingredient: captan), Allegiance™ FL (metalaxyl), Apron Maxx^® RTA^® (fludioxonil and metalaxyl), Thiram 75WP (thiram), Vitaflo^® 280 (carbathiin and thiram), Crown^® (carbathiin and thiabendazole), and Trilex^® AL (trifloxystrobin and metalaxyl) were assessed in a greenhouse study for their effects on colonization and development of AMF in pea and chickpea, and the consequent impact on plant growth. In the absence of disease pressure, systemic fungicides Allegiance™ FL, Apron Maxx^® RTA^®, Vitaflo^® 280, Crown^® and Trilex^® AL restricted mycorrhizal colonization, host growth and P uptake to different levels. In contrast, contact fungicides Agrox^® FL and Thiram 75WP had minimal effects on mycorrhizal colonization, host growth and P uptake. Although consequent sporulation and glomalin-related protein production were not significantly affected by fungicides at an early host growth stage, the compositional structure of the AMF community in host roots was significantly altered in response to Agrox^® FL, Allegiance™ FL, Apron Maxx^® RTA^®, and Trilex^® AL as revealed by pyrosequencing-based analysis of fungal 18S rRNA. These results indicate that the suppressive effects of seed-applied fungicides on AMF development depend on specific fungicide-AMF interactions.     

REMI (Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration) and its Impact on the Isolation of Pathogenicity Genes in Fungi Attacking Plants

Development of molecular techniques for phytopathogenic fungi aims at the identification of fungal genes whose products are essential for successful infection of the host plant. Initial approaches have relied on isolating candidate genes and generating null-mutations by homologous recombination. Unfortunately, the results of this strategy have not been overly successful. This has led to a search for alternatives which allow an unbiased identification of pathogenicity genes. One method, which has proved successful in several systems, is a tagging mutagenesis procedure termed restriction enzyme mediated integration (REMI). In this mini-review we describe this procedure and review its features and results of its use when applied to the identification of fungal genes required for disease development in planta.     

几种杀虫真菌在不同培养料中的生长性状

用4种配方的培养料培养了4种重要杀虫真菌,观测了菌体形态特征、生长速率、产孢量和培养物的含水量,结果表明:A 配方(马铃薯4份,玉米粉5份,谷壳1份)最适合于培养这些真菌.     

钾胁迫条件下AM真菌对烟草生长和叶片保护酶系统的影响

利用盆栽实验研究了缺钾条件下AM真菌对烟草生长和叶片保护酶系统的影响。结果表明,在未接种条件下,缺钾使烟株生长量、生物产量、叶片内叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量、保护酶系统活性显著下降,植株生长发育不良,导致早衰。而接种AM真菌后,明显缓解了缺钾对烟株造成的代谢紊乱,使得烟株生长量和生物产量提高,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量、保护酶系统活性都有不同程度的提高,有的还明显超过施钾的正常植株。接种效果因菌种不同而异,以等量混合菌种Glomusmosseae和Glomuscaledonium表现最好。     

螺旋毛壳ND35抗生素的产生及其在病害生物防治中的作用

内生菌螺旋毛壳Chaetomium spirale ND35是一株广谱拮抗性生防因子。为了阐明菌株ND35抗生素在植物病害生物防治中的作用机制,系统研究了抗生素的产生、提取纯化及其在离体和温室条件下的抑菌防病作用。菌株ND35的发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,浓缩得黄褐色抗生素粗提液。平皿抑菌试验表明,抗生素粗提液对20余种植物病原真菌有抑制作用,浓度为400μg/mL时对病菌菌丝生长的抑制率范围从14．4%到72．6%。浓度为500μg/mL和1000μg/mL的抗生素粗提液对新月弯孢分生孢子萌发的抑制率分别是54．2%和75．9%。发酵时间也影响抗生素的产量,马铃著葡萄糖液体培养基中发酵15天时,抗生素产量最高。经薄层层析和高效液相色谱检测,证明有两个活性组分。温室试验表明,该抗生素粗提液稀释50倍液对玉米弯孢叶斑病的防治效果可达85．5%,稀释250倍液防治效果达63。3%。试验结果表明,抗生素是菌株ND35重要的生防决定因子之一,抗生素粗提液也展示了对玉米弯孢叶斑病具有较好的生防潜能。     

丛枝菌根及其宿主植物对根际微生物作用的响应

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌和根际微生物均是土壤生态系统中广泛分布的微生物类群,深入研究和揭示根际微生物对AM真菌的作用及其对宿主植物的影响,对于利用和调控土壤根际微环境,促进植物生长,维持生态系统稳定性具有深远的意义。基于此,本研究以AM真菌为中心,通过对当前广泛关注的几种根际微生物类型:根际细菌、根际放线菌、根际真菌和根际线虫等对AM真菌的生物学效应,进而对宿主植物影响的结果,深入分析根际微生物与AM真菌相互作用的生态学机理,为阐明土壤生态系统中根际微生物-AM真菌-宿主植物的相互关系提供理论依据。     

Variability in aggressiveness,cultural characteristics,cercosporin production and fatty acid profile of Cercospora piaropi,a biocontrol agent of water hyacinth

The extent of variation in aggressiveness, growth and pigmentation in culture, phytotoxin production and fatty acid profile were determined in a population of 55 isolates of Cercospora piaropi, a fungus used as a biocontrol agent of the aquatic weed water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Besides differences in the colour of mycelium and diffusible pigments in culture, isolates of C. piaropi grown under standard conditions differed significantly in their ability to produce the phytotoxin cercosporin, as well as in aggressiveness and growth rate. A positive correlation existed between the ability of the isolates to produce cercosporin and their aggressiveness, and a negative correlation between growth rate and cercosporin production or growth rate and aggressiveness. Based on thin‐layer chromatographic separation of extracts and comparison with beticolin‐1, used as a standard, there was no evidence of production of beticolins. In discriminant analysis, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles had low resolution for differentiating populations among isolates of the fungus, and the level of resolution was influenced by the age of the colonies. Diffusible pigments in culture and cercosporin production are useful adjuncts to aggressiveness screening for choosing the most effective isolate of C. piaropi for biological control.     

园林菟丝子生防真菌喷施条件的研究

研究了溶睦真菌孢子萌发和温度对菌种致病性的影响。结果表明,２％蔗糖可提高细交链孢孢子的萌发率,１‰吐温能使茶褐斑拟盘多毛孢孢子提前萌发并提高萌发率,对于半裸镰孢孢子,２％蔗糖,１‰吐温和无菌水３处理间差异不显著。各菌种的致病性随温度升高而加强,半裸镰孢和细交链孢可以在相对较低的温度下实现侵染。     

粘土矿物中钾的生物活化: Ⅱ. 外生菌根真菌(的作用)

Ectomycorrhizal fungi, including Cenococcum geophilum SIV (Cg SIV), and Pisolithus tinctorius 2144 (Pt 2144), 441 (Pt 441) and XC1 (Pt XC1), were cultured in Pachlewski liquid medium with H₂KPO₄, KCl-saturated vermiculite and mica as K sources, respectively, to investigate the mechanism of K absorption and mobilization by the fungi. Fungal growth rate, K absorption and mobilization varied significantly among the fungal species. Faster growth and greater K accumulation in Pt XC1 than Pt 2144, Pt 441 and Cg siv were observed. Ectomycorrhizal fungi depressed HCl-soluble K in minerals after successive extractions by water and NH₄OAc. Ratio of the total amount of K, including water-, NH₄OAc- and HCl-soluble K, lost from substrates to the K accumulated in fungal colonies was less than 60%. These reveal that the ectomycorrhizal fungi could utilize K in interlayer and structural pools, which are usually unavailable for plants in short period. Large differences in the depletion of K in interlayer and structural pools by fungi were observed at fungal harvest. Taking into account the nutrient absorption by ectomycorrhizal fungi in symbionts and the direct contact between hyphae and soils, the fungi species colonized on the root surfaces seemed to be related to the effectiveness of mycorrhizas to utilize K in soils. Ectomycorrhizal fungi differed in the efflux of protons and oxalate. Pt XC1 was observed to have greatest ability to effuse protons and oxalate among the fungi adopted in the experiment. Furthermore, the higher the concentrations of protons and oxalate in the liquid culture solutions, the larger the depletion of K in interlayer and structural pools in minerals by fungi. Protons could replace interlayer K and chelation of oxalate with Fe and Al in crystal lattice could cause weathering of clay minerals. So, protons and oxalate produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi might play an important role in K mobilization in these two pools.     

AM真菌对丹参生长及根际土壤酶活性的影响

通过研究不同丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对丹参生长及土壤酶活性的影响,为改善土壤性质及丹参生长提供新思路。本研究以与不同AM真菌共生的丹参组培苗根际土为研究目标;设置单菌种处理组和混合菌种处理组,测定与AM真菌共培养后丹参药用部位的产量;取培养后的丹参根际土,测量土壤中蔗糖酶,磷酸酶,脲酶的活性。试验结果表明,供试AM真菌均能成功侵染丹参组培苗形成菌根,但丹参与不同AM真菌的菌根依赖性不同,8种供试AM真菌均能与丹参组培苗共生形成菌根结构,菌根侵染率(54.83%~89.97%)普遍较高。丹参对光壁无梗囊霉(E)、荫性球囊霉(F)未表现出菌根依赖性。接种AM真菌后,大部分丹参根鲜重和干重均增加,表明接种AM真菌对丹参根部物质积累具有一定的促进作用,虽多种处理组均能提高丹参的生物量,但不同处理组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。单菌种处理组中,34号处理(G)效果最好;混合菌种处理组中,20号处理(ACE)对丹参干物质积累促进作用最显著。不同AM真菌对土壤酶活性影响差异显著(P<0.05),单菌种处理组中,荫性球囊霉组提高蔗糖酶及磷酸酶活性的效果最佳,福摩萨球囊霉组提高脲酶活性的效果最佳;混合菌种处理组中,20号处理(ACE)对脲酶及蔗糖酶的活性提高最有利,17号处理(ABD)对磷酸酶的活性提高最有利。采用系统聚类法,可将35个处理组分为强促生、较强促生以及无促生作用三类。综合侵染率、菌根依赖性、产量及土壤酶活性考虑,第Ⅰ类处理具有强促生作用,可作为菌剂开发的首选,其中 20号处理为最佳组合,表明其在一定程度上提高丹参根际土肥力,改善土壤微环境,为缓解丹参的连作障碍提供理论依据。