Establishing an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia

Acid deposition is widely recognized as one of the most serious international atmospheric pollution problems. East Asian countries are currently experiencing acid deposition and have only recently begun expanding domestic research and monitoring activities. However, acid deposition is not only a domestic but also a transboundary problem. In addressing the transboundary aspect, cooperative and collaborative action will be essential. The Environment Agency of Japan is advocating the need to establish an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia. Therefore, it is sponsoring three Expert Meetings on Acid Precipitation Monitoring Network in East Asia between 1993 and 1995. The meetings are attended by both scientific researchers and government officials from numerous East Asian countries. At the administrative and scientific discussions of the first two meetings a consensus on the desirability of establishing a monitoring network in East Asia was obtained and a preliminary technical guideline manual for monitoring acid deposition was adopted. By the end of the third meeting it is hoped that a basic consensus can be reached on a framework for an East Asian acid deposition monitoring network. It is essential to establish such a network in order to evaluate the present state of acid deposition in the region and to reach a common scientific understanding on the acid deposition problem. This is a vital step toward promoting international cooperation on the issue.     

Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates

Population size is a major determinant of extinction risk. However, controversy remains as to how large populations need to be to ensure persistence. It is generally believed that minimum viable population sizes (MVPs) would be highly specific, depending on the environmental and life history characteristics of the species. We used population viability analysis to estimate MVPs for 102 species. We define a minimum viable population size as one with a 99% probability of persistence for 40 generations. The models are comprehensive and include age-structure, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding depression. The mean and median estimates of MVP were 7316 and 5816 adults, respectively. This is slightly larger than, but in general agreement with, previous estimates of MVP. MVPs did not differ significantly among major taxa, or with latitude or trophic level, but were negatively correlated with population growth rate and positively correlated with the length of the study used to parameterize the model. A doubling of study duration increased the estimated MVP by approximately 67%. The increase in extinction risk is associated with greater temporal variation in population size for models built from longer data sets. Short-term studies consistently underestimate the true variances for demographic parameters in populations. Thus, the lack of long-term studies for endangered species leads to widespread underestimation of extinction risk. The results of our simulations suggest that conservation programs, for wild populations, need to be designed to conserve habitat capable of supporting approximately 7000 adult vertebrates in order to ensure long-term persistence.     

寒地水稻抽穗期长短与温度关系研究

试验分析的结果表明：寒地水稻不同品种发生早穗现象的程度及危险性不同；抽穗期长短与移栽时秧龄、移栽后第11～20d积温、21～30d积温呈极显著正相关，说明寒地水稻抽穗期拉长造成早穗的主要原因是大秧龄移栽和移栽后遇高温。     

城市土壤的压实退化及其环境效应

城市土壤普遍存在严重的压实退化现象。由于压实的影响,土壤物理性质发生了显著的改变:结构破坏、容重和硬度增大、孔隙度和渗透性降低。这些重要的变化对土壤生物活动、土壤物理-化学平衡和氧化还原状况、土壤的过滤和缓冲性能都产生影响。由此对环境产生严重的负面效应:地下水的自然回灌减少,地表径流量增加,降雨的径流洪峰加快、加大,地表水体的污染负荷增加。土壤温度、微生物活动、养分转化都不同于自然土壤,植物的生长也受到严重的影响。     

耐低氮烟草基因型的筛选及氮效率分析

筛选耐低氮及氮高效的烟草基因型是提高氮素利用效率,减少氮污染的一种有效途径。本文采用营养液培养方法,于苗期以低氮(0.5 mmol L–1)和正常氮(5.0 mmol L–1)处理74个不同基因型烟草,通过指标统计、因子分析、聚类分析来确定评价指标及筛选出耐低氮基因型,并结合氮效率综合值分析表明,在低氮和正常氮条件下,不同基因型烟草的根系体积、根系生物量、茎叶氮累积量、地上部生物量变异系数均较大,分别为0.37~0.68和0.38~0.64。低氮和正常氮的主成分基本相似,在不同供氮条件下茎叶氮累积量、地上部生物量均起主要作用。筛选出15个耐低氮基因型,占供试材料的20.3%,其中8个属于低氮高效正常氮低效型,占耐低氮基因型的53.3%,6个属于低氮低效正常氮低效型,占40.0%,1个属于低氮高效正常氮高效型,占0.7%;筛选出8个低氮敏感基因型,其中6个属于低氮低效正常氮高效型,占75.0%,2个属于低氮低效正常氮低效型,占25.0%。初步确定14P9为耐低氮、氮高效基因型,中烟100和K394为低氮敏感、氮低效基因型。     

多媒体辅助教学的应用

多媒体辅助教学已成为教育现代化的必由之路,我们应充分协调环境、教师和学生三者之间的关系,从而取得更大的教学效果。     

日光温室环境调控关键技术研究

设施蔬菜作物的生长发育与温室环境因子密不可分,生长发育进程明显受到温度的影响,而病害发生又与高湿度有着密切的联系。本文系统分析了日光温室内的光照、温度、湿度以及气体环境等特点,结合大棚的室内外环境特点,研究分析日光温室环境调控的关键技术。从加温、降湿、增加光照强度和补充二氧化碳等几个方面详细的阐述了进行温室环境调控,实现设施作物栽培的优质、高效生产,为日光温室的实际生产提供数据支持和技术依据。     

低浓度镉对大白菜苗期生长及营养元素吸收积累的影响研究

在实验室用水培模拟轻度污染土壤,研究低浓度 Cd(5 1.μmol/L)对不同Cd耐性的4个大白菜品种苗期生长及营养元素吸收积累的影响.结果表明,低浓度Cd对耐性强的品种的生长有促进作用,对耐性差的品种的生长有抑制作用.5umol几Cd显著促进大白菜根系对S、Cu的吸收,分别增加22.0%～58.0%、45.9%～116.0%,但抑制S、Cu向地上部转运;大白菜地上部K、P、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn含量受到Cd的较强抑制,且抑制程度存在品种差异.     

MnSO_4浸种对马铃薯幼苗质量及产量形成的影响

以"克新13"马铃薯为材料,通过盆栽试验,利用不同浓度的硫酸锰浸种处理,通过测定马铃薯幼苗的地上部干重、地下部干重、壮苗指数、叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力及产量等指标的变化,研究硫酸锰对马铃薯幼苗质量及产量的作用效应。结果表明:适宜浓度硫酸锰(0.06%~0.09%)浸种处理能有效地提高叶绿素含量和根系活力,促进幼苗地上部和地下部干物质积累,提高壮苗指数,从而提高幼苗质量和产量;硫酸锰过量,则抑制了马铃薯幼苗的正常生长,从而影响了产量的形成。     

甘薯微茎尖组织培养技术研究

在甘薯微茎尖组织培养中，材料消毒选择0．05％HgCl2溶液，时间9－10分钟，培养基琼脂浓度0．7％较为适宜。茎尖分化培养首选激素6－BA，浓度为0．25－2mg／L，或NAA0．01mg／L＋6－BA0．5mg／L＋GA30．1mg／L，成苗率可达85％左右。