柱花草和苜蓿抗氧化系统及光合作用的季节性变化

为探讨热带和温带牧草对温度胁迫抗性差异的生理机制,本文比较研究了柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis)和苜蓿(Medicago sativa)叶片抗氧化系统、可溶性糖和叶绿素荧光参数的季节性变化。结果表明:柱花草在冬季丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,苜蓿MDA含量在夏季升高;柱花草超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在越冬前和越夏前升高,苜蓿SOD活性在秋冬季较高,春夏季较低;柱花草和苜蓿的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在越冬前均升高,但柱花草春夏季维持稳定,苜蓿CAT活性夏季升高;柱花草抗坏血酸-过氧化物酶(APX)活性全年较稳定,苜蓿的APX活性在春夏季不断升高;柱花草抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在越冬前、后均升高,而苜蓿只在越冬前升高,越冬后维持稳定水平;柱花草和苜蓿的可溶性糖含量在越冬前均积累,柱花草积累高峰出现得较晚,且在越冬后再次大量积累,苜蓿在越冬前就大量积累,更有利于提高抗寒性;柱花草光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和非光化学荧光猝灭(NPQ)在冬季有一定程度降低,PSⅡ光化学量子效率(Ф_PSⅡ)和光化学荧光猝灭(q_p)等叶绿素荧光参数明显降低,苜蓿F_v/F_m、Ф_PSⅡ和q_p等参数较稳定,但NPQ在春夏季不断降低。这说明,柱花草和苜蓿抗寒和抗热性的不同与其抗氧化系统、可溶性糖和PSⅡ季节性变化的差异有关。     

阿莫西林可溶性粉在猪体内的药代动力学和绝对生物利用度研究

研究阿莫西林可溶性粉在猪体内的药代动力学特征，并评价其与市售注射用阿莫西林钠的生物等效性。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定血浆中阿莫西林浓度，通过Data Analysis System（DAS 3.0）计算药动学参数，采用非房室模型分析方法对药代动力学参数进行评价，猪经内服给药后，药物平均滞留时间MRT(0-t)为3.12±0.41h，平均达峰时间Tmax为1.63±0.35h，平均达峰浓度Cmax为4101.35±631.55μg/L，平均药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为13540.33±3445.51μg/L×h，消除速率常数λz为0.36±0.14/h，半衰期t1/2z为2.48±1.73h。 猪经静脉注射给药后，平均滞留时间MRT(0-t)为1.54±0.35h，平均药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为8522.56±1430.51μg/L×h，消除速率常数λz为0.23±0.12/h，半衰期t1/2z为3.84±2.03h。 结果表明：受试制剂阿莫西林可溶性粉经内服给药后，具有较快的吸收速度，吸收进血液后在体内的停留时间较短，代谢较快，平均达峰时间短，药物消除速度较快，平均绝对生物利用度为79.44%，为临床制定合理用药方案提供科学依据。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对花后苹果短枝叶片糖代谢和成花基因表达的影响

以24-表油菜素内酯为外源处理剂，于盛花期后35 d和39 d对‘长富2号’苹果树进行0.2 mg/L、 0.4 mg/L和1.0 mg/L不同浓度2次叠加处理。为探究外源油菜素内酯处理对苹果花后当年生短枝叶片可溶性糖含量影响，测定分析当年生短枝叶片可溶性糖含量变化，并对其可溶性糖和成花相关基因进行实时荧光定量 PCR 分析。结果表明：不同浓度外源24-表油菜素内酯处理，各可溶性糖含量发生不同变化，浓度 0.4 mg/L处理在所设浓度梯度效果较好。除花后50 d外，其他时间蔗糖含量均显著高于对照；葡萄糖和果糖含量在花后50~80 d均高于对照；经外源处理后山梨糖醇含量先增加，但在70~80 d含量降低。可溶性糖相关基因表达也发生相似变化。促花基因 MdSOC1、 MdFT 在花后50 d和70~80 d表达量均显著高于对照。以上结果表明：适宜浓度的外源油菜素内酯处理可增加当年生短枝叶片可溶性糖含量，累积源叶中碳水化合物，有利于营养物质运输，同时促花基因累积表达。     

黄瓜霜霉病菌侵染对黄瓜叶片生理生化指标的影响

为了解黄瓜霜霉病菌侵染后对黄瓜生理指标的影响。采用蒽酮比色法、考马斯亮蓝法、磷钼酸-磷钨酸比色法、索氏回流法及丙酮法,分别测定黄瓜霜霉病不同为害程度的黄瓜叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、单宁、黄酮及叶绿素质量分数的影响。结果表明:黄瓜霜霉病为害后,各处理黄瓜叶片中可溶性糖、单宁和黄酮的质量分数随着为害程度的增强而显著升高(P0.05),最高升幅分别为158%、130%和52.33%;可溶性蛋白质只有轻度为害叶片与健康对照存在显著差异(P0.05),升幅11.46%;叶绿素质量分数随着为害程度的增强而显著降低(P0.05),最大降幅62.24%。可见,黄瓜在霜霉病菌侵染侵染后可产生诱导抗性。     

Dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide level and xylanase supplementation influence performance,egg quality and nutrient utilization in laying hens fed wheat-based diets

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide (sNSP) content and xylanase supplementation on production performance, egg quality parameters, and nutrient digestibility in Hy-line Brown layers from 25 to 32 wk of age. A total of 144 Hy-line Brown laying hens (25 wk of age) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 wheat-based dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design, with 36 replicates of individual hens per treatment. The diets were formulated to contain either a high or low sNSP level (at 13.3 or 10.8 g/kg) and were supplemented with either 0 or 12,000 BXU/kg exogenous xylanase. Birds were fed these treatment diets for an 8-wk period, and hen production performance, including daily egg production, average egg weight, daily egg mass, feed conversion ratio and proportion of dirty and abnormal eggs were measured at bird age 25 to 28 wk and 29 to 32 wk. An interaction between sNSP content of the diet and xylanase supplementation was observed on daily egg production from 25 to 28 wk of age (P = 0.018); birds fed the high sNSP diet without xylanase had lower egg production than those fed any other treatment. An interaction between the 2 dietary factors was also observed on hen weight gain at 29 to 32 wk of age (P = 0.014), with birds fed the low sNSP diet with 12,000 BXU/kg xylanase presenting greater weight gain compared to those fed the high sNSP diet with 12,000 BXU/kg xylanase. Feed intake at 29 to 32 wk of age was reduced by xylanase supplementation (P = 0.047). Xylanase supplementation also increased yolk colour score at both 28 and 32 wk of age, and decreased yolk weight at 32 wk of age (P = 0.014, 0.037 and 0.013, respectively). Birds fed the low sNSP diet presented lower protein digestibility (P = 0.024) than those fed the high sNSP diet. Additionally, birds fed high sNSP presented higher shell reflectivity at both 28 and 32 wk of age (P = 0.05 and 0.036, respectively). The influence of duration of feeding the treatment diets on egg quality was also determined. It was observed that egg weight, yolk weight and yolk colour score consistently increased over time, regardless of experimental treatment effects. In contrast, Haugh Unit and albumen height significantly decreased throughout the study period in all treatments, although this was less pronounced in hens fed the treatment with high sNSP and no supplemental xylanase. A reduction in shell breaking strength over time was observed only in hens fed the treatments without xylanase addition, and shell thickness was improved over time only in birds fed the low sNSP diet with xylanase. The impacts of the dietary treatments were largely inconsistent in this study, so a solid conclusion cannot be drawn. However, these findings do indicate that dietary NSP level influences layer production performance, and thus should be considered when formulating laying hen diets. It also proved that further research is warranted into how to optimize the benefits of xylanase application in laying hens.     

UV-C light inactivation kinetics of Penicillium expansum on pear surfaces: Influence on physicochemical and sensory quality during storage

UV-C inactivation kinetic data of Penicillium expansum on intact and wounded pear disks were determined. P. expansum conidia (0.5 mL, 1.6 × 10⁷ CFU/mL) were spot inoculated onto intact and wounded pear tissue with skin (excised disks), treated with UV-C doses ranging 0.101–3.06 kJ/m² at 23 °C and surviving conidia were enumerated. Changes in selected physicochemical parameters and sensory quality following UV-C treatment of whole pears were determined immediately after treatment, and 4 and 8 weeks of storage at 4 °C. A greater UV-C intensity was required for similar inactivation levels of P. expansum populations on wounded pear disks (3.1 kJ/m² for 2.7 log reduction) compared to intact pear disks (1.7 kJ/m² for 2.8 log reduction). No significant difference in % weight loss, or soluble solids content and texture was observed between UV-C treated and untreated pears. However, browning was observed on UV-C treated pear surfaces after 4 and 8 weeks along with changes in flavor and texture. An increase in consumer preference was noticed for the untreated control pears after 4 weeks storage.     

武汉市春季鲜食甜玉米产量和可溶性糖含量的气象影响因子研究

为探讨气象条件对武汉市春季鲜食甜玉米产量和可溶性糖含量的影响，本文开展了分期播种试验，分析了春季鲜食甜玉米产量和可溶性糖含量随播期推移的变化，研究了不同播期处理各生育阶段的气象要素敏感性，通过数据统计、相关分析及偏相关分析等方法，分析了鲜食甜玉米产量及可溶性糖含量的气象影响因子。结果表明：春季鲜食甜玉米生育期在100 d左右，全生育期随播期的推迟而缩短；甜玉米产量与平均气温、有效积温、降水量和日照均有关系，可溶性糖含量主要与平均气温和降水量有关。     

不同小麦品种产量和氮、磷利用效率差异的生理机制

为探讨陕西关中地区不同小麦品种产量以及氮、磷利用效率差异的生理机制，于2018-2020年在陕西省杨凌区开展了2个施肥水平(不施肥-CK、施氮、磷肥-NP)和15个小麦品种，共计30个处理的大田试验。两年小麦的产量范围分别为1 928～4 590 kg·hm^-2和2 537～8 473 kg·hm^-2,小麦品种和施肥均显著影响小麦产量，品种和施肥也存在显著的交互作用。两年试验结果均表现为NP高产-CK高产的品种有‘伟隆123’‘伟隆121’‘中麦895’。品种和施肥也显著影响氮、磷利用效率，二者交互作用也显著。第一年NP氮高效-CK氮高效品种为‘伟隆123’,第二年为‘伟隆169’‘伟隆121’‘漯麦8号’‘小偃58’‘西农979’和‘伟隆158’。两年结果均表现为NP磷高效-CK磷高效品种为‘伟隆169’和‘伟隆123’。高产小麦品种主要与花期叶面积指数和地上部生物量高、花后旗叶SPAD(叶绿素相对含量)变化速率快，促进花前可溶性糖转运有关。氮利用效率高的小麦品种花期叶面积指数和旗叶碳氮比大，花后旗叶碳氮比变化速率快、可溶性糖转运量大。磷利...