How do earthworms influence organic matter quantity and quality in tropical soils?

Earthworms are important regulators of soil structure and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics; however, quantifying their influence on SOM cycling in tropical ecosystems remains little studied. Simulated rainfall was used to disrupt casts produced by Amynthas khami and their surrounding soil (control) into a range of small sized aggregates (50-250, 250-500, 500-2000 and 2000-5000 μm). To gain insight into how earthworms influence SOM biogeochemical composition in the aggregates, we carried out elemental and stable isotope analysis, and analytical pyrolysis (Py GC/MS). We also characterized their lignin component after oxidation with cupric oxide (CuO).The C content of smaller size fractions (<500 μm) in the control soil was higher than in the larger fractions. Our study therefore suggests that the aggregate hierarchy concept, which is used to understand soil aggregates and SOM dynamics in temperate soils, may not be applicable to the tropical Acrisol studied here. Earthworms modified SOM organization in soil aggregates. Although the isotope analyses were useful for highlighting SOM enrichment in the earthworm casts, aggregate fractions could not be classified according to particle size. Molecular analyses were necessary to indicate that SOM in all size fractions of casts consisted of relatively undecomposed material. Protection of the most labile SOM structures occurred in the smallest aggregate size fraction (50-250 μm). Py GC/MS showed that earthworm casts and control aggregates <2000 μm could be clearly distinguished according to the molecular properties of their SOM. Aggregates larger than 2000 μm, however, were most probably composed of all fractions and were not different. As a consequence, our results indicate that studies to determine the impact of earthworms on SOM turnover in soil are spatially dependant on the scale of observation.     

污灌稻田生态系统重金属含量分布调查

对鞍山某污灌区稻田土壤、糙米以及灌溉水中重金属Cd、As、Hg、Pb含量进行了采样和分析.结果表明：研究区土壤重金属含量总体上低于现选择土壤环境质量标准所规定的上限.但由于受灌溉水质的影响,灌区中部利用工业废水进行灌溉的区域土壤表层中Cd和Hg含量分别为1.08mg/kg和1.03mg/kg,糙米中Hg含量为0.2mg/kg,均接近或超出相应的国家标准规定的上限,说明灌溉水中的重金属含量水平对土壤和粮食中重金属含量的影响明显,并有可能造成粮食重金属含量超标.因此,工业废水对土壤环境质量和稻米品质的影响较大,应避免直接用于农田灌溉.     

Do plant species encourage soil biota that specialise in the rapid decomposition of their litter?

Plants are often nutrient limited and soil organisms are important in mediating nutrient availability to plants. Thus, there may be a selective advantage to plants that alter the soil community in ways that enhance the decomposition of their litter and, hence, their ability to access nutrients. We incubated litter from three tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus and Picea sitchensis) in the presence of biota extracted from soil beneath a stand of each species to test the hypothesis that litter decomposes fastest in the presence of biota derived from soil where that species is locally abundant. We found that respiration rate, a measure of decomposer activity and carbon mineralisation, was affected by litter type and source of soil biota, whereas, mass loss was only affected by litter type. However, litter from each tree species did not decompose faster in the presence of indigenous soil biota. These findings, therefore, provide no support for the notion that woodland plants encourage the development of soil communities that rapidly decompose their litter.     

Evaluation of bioremediation and detoxification potentiality of Aspergillus niger for removal of hexavalent chromium in soil microcosm

Aspergillus niger isolated from soil of leather tanning effluent had higher activity to remove chromium then the other fungal isolates. The potency of A. niger was evaluated in shake flask culture by absorption of chromium at pH 6, temperature 30 °C. The toxicity of chromium evaluated in petriplates and soil microcosm seed bioassay test had indicated increase in toxicity with the higher concentration of chromate. A. niger introduced in soil microcosm (40% moisture content) with different concentration of chromate (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) removed more than 70% chromium in soil contaminated by 250 and 500 ppm of chromate. However, chromium-contaminated soil (2000 ppm of potassium chromate) mixed with compost (5% and 10%) significantly removed chromium in presence of fungus, A. niger. The results of chromate toxicity in the wheat plants revealed that the peroxidases was induced due to increase of metal stress which was reversed in soil microcosm amended with compost.     

Regulation of urease production in soil by microbial assimilation of nitrogen

Summary Studies of the effects of different forms of N on urease production in soils amended with organic C showed that although microbial activity, as measured by CO₂ production, was stimulated by the addition of NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^- to C-amended soils (200 mol glucose-C g^–1 soil), urease production was repressed by these forms of N. The addition of L-methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of inorganic N assimilation by microorganisms, relieved the NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^- repression of urease production in C-amended soil. The addition of sodium chlorate, an inhibitor of NO₃ ^- reduction to NH₄ ⁺ by microorganisms, relieved the NO₃ ^- repression of urease production, but did not eliminate the repression associated with NH₄ ⁺. These observations indicate that microbial production of urease in C-amended soils is not directly repressed by NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^-, but by products formed by microbial assimilation of these forms of N. This conclusion is supported by our finding that the biologically active L-isomers of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, and glutamine, repressed urease production in C-amended soil, whereas the D-isomers of these amino acids had little or no influence on urease production. This work suggests that urease synthesis by soil microorganisms is controlled by the global N regulon.     

林火对土壤氮含量的扰动作用

通过对大兴安岭地区新林林业局 2 0a内不同年份间隔的 11块火烧迹地土壤进行调查取样和室内实验分析 ,发现火烧后不同年限、不同强度的火烧迹地 ,土壤全氮与有效氮含量变化情况如下 :低强度火烧后 9d ,土壤全氮和有效氮含量均比未烧前低 ,这与中、高强度火烧后的情况正好相反。火烧后 4a内 ,土壤氮的含量基本都比未烧林地有所下降 (中强度火烧迹地土壤有效氮含量除外 )。以后有逐年增加的趋势。火烧迹地降第一场雨后 ,低强度火烧迹地土壤全氮比降雨前减少 ,有效氮增加 ;中强度火烧迹地土壤全氮和有效氮均比降雨前增加 ;高强度火烧迹地土壤全氮和有效氮均比降雨前有所下降。连年火烧迹地土壤全氮减少 ,有效氮增加     

黄花蒿绿色药材生产基地环境质量评价

为使栽培出来的黄花蒿达到绿色药材的标准,对广西融安县潭头乡黄花蒿种植基地生态环境质量进行评价。参照国家环保局《环境检测分析方法》布点采样,对黄花蒿规范化种植基地的大气环境、土壤环境和水源质量进行检测。空气质量监测采用国家规定环境空气质量标准(GB3095-1966)进行;土壤环境按国家标准GB15618-1995(土壤环境质量标准)和YB-T-1-2003(药用植物绿色出口生产基地行业标准),增加五氯硝基苯、艾氏剂项目;灌溉水质采用GB5084-92《农田灌溉水质标准》要求进行检测;对原有的野生黄花蒿植株进行重金属检测。广西融安县潭头乡黄花蒿种植基地大气质量达到GB3095-1996一级标准,水源质量达GB5084-92标准,土壤环境达GB15618-1995二级标准,野生黄花蒿植株重金属含量符合《药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准》(WM2/T-2003)要求。广西融安县潭头乡新黄花蒿种植基地环境质量良好,各生态条件适合黄花蒿生长。符合药用植物绿色出口生产基地行业标准(YB-T-1-2003)的要求。     

2007年乐清湾富营养化空间特征及其成因分析

依据2007年4月和8月在乐清湾28°05′~28°35′N、121°00′~121°20′E海域进行海洋综合调查,对乐清湾营养水平指标(E)和有机污染指数(A)值的空间分布特征进行研究,讨论这些分布特征与营养盐、潮流场、污染源和叶绿素之间的联系。结果表明,乐清湾E值和A值分布趋势基本相同,都是由内湾向外湾数量逐渐减少。相关分析表明:溶解态磷酸盐(D IP)和溶解态无机氮(D IN)与E值、A值之间都有密切的相关关系(P=0.000 0),因而是污染乐清湾水体的主要因子。营养盐分布特征的形成,主要由乐清湾地形、潮流、污染源和叶绿素特征决定的,在乐清湾海域,沿外湾东部的海槽是乐清湾中湾和外湾涨落潮的主要路径,形成外湾较低的D IP和D IN值。而养殖污染带来总氮和总磷的数量分别接近和超过50%,因而是乐清湾水体变劣的重要外源性污染物,其次是生活污水和化肥的输入。夏季,浮游植物对营养盐大量利用,有效地减少了乐清湾营养盐的含量,进一步导致水体营养水平指标(E)和有机污染指数(A)值的降低。4月乐清湾水体处于富营养化、严重污染和亚健康状态。8月,内湾和中湾属于污染海域,处于亚健康状态。外湾大部分属于较清洁海域,处于健...     

滴灌条件下秸秆覆盖和土壤含水量对冬小麦灌浆特性的影响

为阐明滴灌条件下秸秆覆盖和土壤含水量以及两因素交互作用对冬小麦籽粒灌浆、产量形成的影响,以冬小麦矮抗58为试验材料,设计了秸秆处理(覆盖T、不覆盖T0)与土壤相对含水量(40%(W1)、50%(W2)、60%(W3)、70%(W4)4个水平)两因素裂区试验。结果表明:Richards方程拟合秸秆覆盖和水分调控下冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程的决定系数在0.977 5~0.999 6,达到极显著水平。秸秆覆盖和水分调控间的交互作用对除最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率(V)外其他冬小麦籽粒灌浆特征参数的影响达到显著或极显著水平。其中,秸秆覆盖下土壤相对含水量60%(TW3)处理组合具有最长的灌浆持续期T(51.91 d),最长的灌浆中期持续期T_2(15.230 d)和灌浆后期持续期T_3(26.556 d),最大的灌浆中期灌浆速率R_2(0.897 mg/d)和灌浆后期灌浆速率R_3(1.365 mg/d)。产量、水分利用效率和耗水量的二次曲线关系表明,在耗水量240~270 mm可达到产量与水分利用效率双高的效果。本试验中以秸秆覆盖与土壤相对含水量60%(TW3)处理组合水分利用效率最高(29.02 kg/(mm·hm~2)),较秸秆覆盖下土壤相对含水量的70%(TW4)提高了5.30%;产量为7 097.7 kg/hm~2,与TW4处理组合差异不显著。     

生物炭与化肥配施对土壤特性及烤烟品质和经济性状的影响

研究生物炭与化肥配施对土壤特性及烤烟品质和经济性状的影响,为生物炭在烟叶生产中的有效利用提供参考依据。以中烟100为研究对象,在河南郏县开展大田试验。试验设6个处理,分别为:对照CK(不施肥);T1(常规施肥);T2(T1+生物炭4500 kg hm~(-2));T3(T1+生物炭9000 kg hm~(-2));T4(T1+生物炭4500 kg hm~(-2)-纯氮5%);T5(T1+生物炭9000kg hm~(-2)-纯氮10%)。施用生物炭对植烟土壤特性、烤烟品质和经济性状有一定的影响。生物炭增加了土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量,提高了CEC和pH值,对土壤细菌和放线菌含量也有提升作用,其中土壤速效钾含量随生物炭用量增加呈现递减的趋势,其它指标均随生物炭用量增加而递增;生物炭对土壤速效磷和真菌含量表现出前期抑制后期促进的规律;生物炭9000 kg hm~(-2)条件下,减纯氮10%降低了CEC、速效磷和有机质含量;生物炭增加了烤烟钾含量,降低了氯含量,提高了烤烟叶化学成分的协调性和单料烟感官质量,生物炭9000 kg hm~(-2)条件下,减纯氮10%则增加了烤烟氯含量,降低单料烟感官质量;生物炭还提高了烟叶产量、产值以及上、中等烟比例,而生物炭9000 kg hm~(-2)条件下,减纯氮10%则对烤烟经济性状造成了负面影响。以常规施肥配施生物炭9000 kg hm~(-2)的处理效果最好。