覆盖作物与耕作法对土壤性质的影响

冬季种植覆盖作物结合免耕法构成的保护性耕作法,在冬春季土壤休闲时期可提高土壤含水率,抑制土壤风蚀,回收土壤残留氮素;在夏季作物栽培时期仍可提高土壤的含水率,抑制土壤有机质下降,提高土壤生物活性,改善土壤团粒结构,起到土壤保护作用。     

园地主要经济作物氮磷钾与PH相关性研究

为了解古田县果园作物土壤氮、磷、钾养分状况,探讨了果园土壤氮、磷、钾含量与土壤pH值之间的关系。结果表明,古田县园地土壤pH的平均值为5.07,处于酸性水平;全氮的含量均值为1.20g/kg,总体处于中等水平;供试园地土壤碱解氮均值为143.4mg/kg,处于中等水平;供试土壤有效磷均值为29.90mg/kg,处于丰富水平;速效钾含量均值为59.2mg/kg,处于严重缺乏水平。土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分状况与土壤中的pH值呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,改良土壤酸度是供试果园土壤改善氮、磷、钾养分供应的主要措施。     

天津地区不同年限设施土壤pH及酶活性变化

以天津地区露地土壤作对照,研究了栽培1,2,3,6,12年设施蔬菜土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,设施土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶活性高于露地,过氧化物酶相反;随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐增强,而过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、转化酶活性开始增强之后减弱。土壤酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随着栽培年限增加呈逐渐降低趋势。     

基于土壤粒径分布模型的河北省土壤可蚀性研究

 利用河北省第二次土壤普查成果中的土壤质地组成、土壤图及相应的理化性质属性资料，在验证双参数修正经验逻辑生长模型准确性的基础上，将卡庆斯基土壤质地分类系统转换为美国制；并采用公式法计算该省土壤可蚀性K值，编制具有准确几何位置可与地形图配准的土壤可蚀性K值空间分布图。同时，计算得出该省土壤可蚀性K值在0.25～0.4之间的易蚀性和较易蚀性土壤面积占总土地面积的58.6%。探讨了土壤可蚀性K值和K值图的应用。     

柠条的更新生态位及其与荒漠植被恢复的关系

更新生态位是一个新的成熟植物个体成功地代替另一个成熟个体所要求的可能生态位,其生活史早期阶段的一系列特点可以作为其更新生态位。对蝶形花科(Papilionaceae),锦鸡儿属(Caragana)落叶灌木柠条(Caraganaspp.)的种子萌发、幼苗生长、土壤种子库和营养繁殖等更新生态位特征及其与荒漠植被恢复的关系进行了综述,旨在为柠条的繁殖生物学和恢复生态学研究提供更新生态位方面的理论依据。     

化学-生物联合技术对重金属-有机物复合污染土壤的修复研究

重金属-有机物复合污染是当今土壤污染中最普遍的一种,利用传统的化学修复法或现阶段比较盛行的各种生物修复法,如超积累植物富集修复、微生物降解修复等都难以对重金属-有机物复合污染土壤进行彻底治理修复。主要就利用化学-生物联合技术修复重金属-有机物复合污染土壤的反应机理以及修复中存在的问题进行研究探讨,并对该技术今后的发展方向进行展望。     

A distributed hydro-environmental watershed model with three-zoned cell profiling

A cell-based distributed watershed model is developed which enables us to simulate the hydrological and hydraulic aspects of the watershed in a refined fashion. With three-zoned cell profiling, the model is composed of three sub-models; tank model for a surface water zone, soil moisture model for a surface soil zone, and unconfined shallow groundwater flow model for a subsurface zone. Inclusion of the soil moisture sub-model modified to reroute the infiltration, routed from the tank sub-model, into the return flow and the groundwater recharge features the model. The groundwater flow sub-model, numerically approximated by use of the finite volume method and the implicit time-marching scheme, considers a network of on-farm drainage canals as internal boundaries, which is an essential need for modeling the watershed including farmlands. Cascade-linking of the three sub-models in a cell and assembling of all the cells over the entire watershed domain provides the global equations system to be solved. Applicability of the model is demonstrated with its practical application to a real watershed in that paddy and upland crop fields take great part of the land-use practice. It is then indicated in a quantified manner that rice farming significantly contribute as a major groundwater recharger in an irrigation period to fostering and conservation of regional water resources. Along with appropriately profiling a cell, the model is so versatile and tough that it can be applied without difficulty to a watershed of diverse terrains and land-uses and the computations can stably be carried out. It is thus concluded that the model presently developed could be a powerful “watershed simulator” to investigate and assess the time-varying hydro-environmental properties of a watershed while separating and integrating the hydrological and hydraulic components of particular importance.     

Influence of clay content and acidity of soil on development of the earthworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lumbricus rubellus</Emphasis> and its population level consequences

In this paper we report on the influence of clay content and acidity of soil on growth and reproduction of the epigeic earthworm species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffm.), which is common in most temperate soils and abundant in grasslands. Growth, cocoon production and survival of L. rubellus were tested in 12 Dutch soils which differed in soil properties. A matrix model was used to assess the population-level consequences of changes in growth and reproduction. Soil acidity had a strong negative effect on earthworm survival, and the maturation weight decreased with clay content. Individual weight gain in L. rubellus decreased with both acidity and clay content. The acidity of soils had a larger influence on population growth rate than the clay content. The acidity of the soil also changed the population composition towards younger age classes, whereas in soils rich in clay, the population composition did not change. The average individual weight of L. rubellus in clayey soils, however, was lower compared with that in soils low in clay, a result that agrees with literature data.     

小蓬竹水土保持效应的研究

[目的]探究小蓬竹的水土保持特性。[方法]利用典型的喀斯特草地和灌木群落为对照,测定小蓬竹的林冠层、枯落物层、腐殖质层的持水量和土壤物理、化学性质。[结果]小蓬竹群落林冠层、枯枝落叶层和腐殖质层能够截留更多的降水;能够有效的降低林地土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤自然含水量、毛管持水量和饱和含水量,增强其蓄水保水能力;明显增强土壤的抗蚀性和抗冲性;明显加快土壤的熟化程度,增加土壤肥力。[结论]小蓬竹对增强土壤的固土、保水、保肥能力效果显著。     

土壤溶质运移参数估计图解方法

基于土壤中溶质运移的对流 弥散方程 (CDE)提出了溶质运移参数估计的图解方法。根据土柱溶质运移“穿透曲线”(BTC)数据计算通量浓度随时间变化 (dc/dt)。应用绘图软件 ,例如MicrosoftExcel,绘制出t1 5dc/dt和dc/dt相对于时间的变化曲线。这两条曲线都是单峰曲线 ,并被用于估计CDE中延迟因子(R)和弥散系数 (D0 )。设计算例和穿透实验数据被用于校正图解法估计参数的精度和稳定性。参数估计的稳定性由估计参数对它们平均值的标准差评价 ;参数的估计精度与CXTFIT法和等斜率法比较。结果表明图解法具有较高的精度和较好的稳定性 ,特别是对于运移参数R的估值。图解法是一个确定性方法 ,它具备确定性方法中估计参数唯一性特点 ,克服了统计方法中需要给定参数初值的缺点。因此 ,这个方法是土壤溶质运移参数估计的可选方法之一。