作物水分利用率的影响因素及其提高途径探讨

综述了作物水分利用率的研究进展。在探讨水分利用率内涵的基础上，阐述了作物水分利用率的影响因素如作物，环境因素，化学制剂，栽培措施和耕作制度等人类活动等影响因素，重点分析了土壤因素和化学制剂对作物水分利用率的影响，探讨了作物水分利用率的提高途径，包括优化种植结构；选用节水高产型品种；农田覆盖保水技术；水肥耦合技术；化学调控节水技术和节水灌溉技术等     

Water balance and maize yield following improved sesbania fallow in eastern Zambia

Sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] fallows are being promoted as a means for replenishing soil fertility in N-depleted soils of small-scale, resource-poor farmers in southern Africa. Knowledge of soil water distribution in the soil profile and water balance under proposed systems is important for knowing the long-term implications of the systems at plot, field and watershed levels. Soil water balance was quantified for maize (Zea mays L.) following 2-year sesbania fallow and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer during 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 at Chipata in eastern Zambia. Sesbania fallow increased grain yield and dry matter production of subsequent maize per unit amount of water used. Average maize grain yields following sesbania fallow, and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer were 3, 6 and 1 Mg ha⁻¹ with corresponding water use efficiencies of 4.3, 8.8 and 1.7 kg mm⁻¹ ha⁻¹, respectively. Sesbania fallow increased the soil-water storage in the soil profile and drainage below the maximum crop root zone compared with the conventionally tilled non-fertilized maize. However, sesbania fallow did not significantly affect the seasonal crop water use, mainly because rainfall during both the years of the study was above the normal seasonal water requirements of maize (400 to 600 mm). Besides improving grain yields of maize in rotation, sesbania fallows have the potential to recharge the subsoil water through increased subsurface drainage and increase nitrate leaching below the crop root zone in excess rainfall seasons. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

林地土壤压实对土壤呼吸影响的数学模型研究

介绍土壤呼吸对于林地树木生长的重要性。分析人工干扰等外力作用导致土壤压实,使土壤容重增加,改变土壤孔隙度和二氧化碳浓度等。通过对影响因素和机理的分析,从微观角度利用微分原理,推导出土壤压实对土壤呼吸影响的数学模型,并就各主要影响因素对土壤呼吸的影响进行简要分析。     

A case of habitat complementation in forest pests: Pine processionary moth pupae survive better in open areas

Little attention has been given to the relevance of habitat complementation concept to the population dynamics of insect herbivores. Late instar larvae of the pine processionary moth (PPM) Thaumetopoea pityocampa move in late winter from pine stands, their feeding habitat, to neighbouring habitats where they pupate until next summer. They search for sunny exposed soil which they can find in open areas. We investigated the effect of both forest cover and soil origin, with three matching types (pine stand, broadleaved stand and open area) on the survival of PPM pupae. The microclimatic soil variables which significantly differentiated cover types and soil origins were the maximum temperature and the mean relative humidity in spring, soon after pupation has occurred. A significant effect of the cover type, but not of the soil origin, was detected on the proportion of dead, emerged or diapausing pupae. Open areas were more suitable for pupae survival than forest covers (pine or broadleaved stands), due to warmer and more humid soil conditions. In this study, we provide one of the first examples of habitat complementation for an insect herbivore, as PPM population can benefit from the combination of pine habitats for the feeding of larvae with open habitats for pupation. The presence of broadleaved stands next to pine stands might also represent an ecological trap for PPM pupae, as broadleaved habitats may turn to be less suitable for pupae survival in spring when the apparition of leaves creates cooler conditions.     

不同土壤紧实度对棉花根系生长的影响

试验于１９９２－１９９５年在扬州大学农学院进行。供试棉花品种岱１５，设砂、粘土不同溶重盆栽。结果指出，容重１．１ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理，根系长势“前旺后衰”，容重１．４ｇ／ｃｍ＾３和１．５ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理根系生长始终处于劣势，而容重１．２ｇ／ｃｍ＾３和１．３ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理主根生长率与一次侧根增长率高，主根长，一次侧根量大，根系活力强，吸收氮、磷、钾多，长势“前强后稳”，为最优处理；还发现，棉根干重随土     

庆阳市果园土壤养分动态变化及施肥措施

通过对庆阳市苹果园土壤养分状况的变化分析表明:苹果园土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷的含量2006年较1980年均有所增加,分别增加2.36 g/kg、0.15 g/kg、8.3 mg/kg、2.8 mg/kg,速效钾含量2006年较1980年减少705 mg/kg.根据土壤肥力变化提出了保持土壤养分平衡,提高土壤肥力的培肥措施.     

安康市耕地土壤养分现状及施肥对策

采用安康市测土配方施肥项目耕地土壤养分化验数据,对不同土类耕地土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分进行综合分析,并与第2次土壤普查时的数据进行对比,摸清了安康市耕地土壤养分现状与变化规律,建议在今后的施肥中坚持"控氮、稳磷、补钾、配微"和"缺啥补啥"的原则,以增施有机肥为主,化肥为辅,大力推广测土配方施肥。     

纳帕海不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳分布特征

[目的]探讨纳帕海区域土壤有机碳(SOC)在不同土地利用方式下的剖面分布特征及其与土壤含水量、容重的相关关系,为该区域合理高效利用土地资源提供科学依据。[方法]对猪拱地、农田、灌丛和森林4种土地利用类型的SOC分布特征进行研究。[结果]0~50 cm土层深度内,SOC含量由高到低依次为农田(26.43 g/kg)、猪拱地(20.95 g/kg)、灌丛(20.16 g/kg)、森林(17.25 g/kg);猪拱地、农田、灌丛和森林均为0~10 cm土层SOC含量最高,是主要的碳储层,分别占0~50 cm土层的37.42%、28.07%、49.81%和30.10%,随土壤深度的加深,SOC含量呈减少趋势;SOC密度与SOC储量呈基本一致的变化趋势;各样地表层SOC与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(R~2=0.50,P0.05),与土壤容重呈极显著负相关(R~2=0.60,P0.01)。[结论]不同土地利用类型其SOC含量在垂直方向上的分布不同,湿地的退化会不同程度地导致SOC流失,表层SOC含量很大程度上受土壤含水量和土壤容重的制约。     

土壤中多氯联苯迁移规律及修复研究

多氯联苯(PCBs)是一种具有持久性、脂肪溶性和生物毒性等特性的持久性有机污染物,在土壤中难分解和强烈吸附,去除比较困难。以台州典型污染场地土壤样品为研究对象,通过对污染土壤中PCBs的调查取样,分析了代表性PCBs同系物的组成、含量。通过室内淋滤和洗脱试验,探讨PCBs的迁移及去除过程,为土壤PCBs污染评价与修复提供科学依据。     

旱地玉米免耕整秸秆覆盖土壤养分、结构和生物研究

４年试验结果表明，免耕整秸秆半覆盖可增加表层土壤有机质积累，提高土壤养分含量，土壤徽生物量也相应增加，从而改善了土壤结构，提高了土壤肥力。