鸡传染性贫血免疫对肝微粒体抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的是观察鸡传染性贫血多次免疫对肝微粒体中抗氧化酶活性的影响.对20只SPF鸡随机分为2组,每组10只,免疫组鸡用鸡传染性贫血弱毒苗免疫4次,每次间隔2周,对照组鸡注射同剂量的生理盐水.最后一次免疫后10d取肝脏制备微粒体,利用测试盒测定肝微粒体中的GSH-Px活性、SOD活性、CAT活性和MDA含量.结果与对照组相比,免疫组肝微粒体中GSH Px活性、SOD活性和CAT活性都显著提高(P＜0.05),MDA含量显著减低(P＜0.05).结论为鸡传染性贫血多次免疫可提高鸡体抗氧化能力.     

黄河三角洲新生湿地不同植被类型土壤的微生物分布特征

为探明黄河三角洲新生湿地土壤微生物分布特征,选取盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)和拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)4种湿地植被土壤,分春、夏、秋3个季节对其中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量组成和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:不同植被类型湿地土壤中各类微生物数量差别明显,但总体上均偏少,而且优势种类非常明显,以细菌为主,放线菌居中,真菌最少;不同微生物数量上具有明显的季节分布特征,除拂子茅湿地细菌群落外,其他各群落数量均为夏季高,春、秋低;湿地土壤中微生物总量分布存在明显的根际效应,其中细菌的根际效应最为明显;土壤中氮和磷(总氮、总磷、速效氮、速效磷)含量对细菌的数量影响最明显;真菌分布与氮的含量关系密切,但与磷素关系不大;放线菌分布与氮含量相关性小,与磷素呈负相关;微生物数量与土壤pH值和电导率呈一定程度的负相关。本区土壤微生物分布与植被类型、土壤盐分和养分关系密切,且具有明显的季节动态。     

苜蓿草地土壤呼吸及其对环境响应的研究

采用LI-8100对河北沽源牧场地区3年生苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草地生长季土壤呼吸速率日动态以及季动态进行测定,分析了土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、土壤湿度和大气辐射的相关性。结果表明:苜蓿草地的土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰曲线,各观测日的最小值分别为3.102,2.071,4.655,4.52,3.355μmol·m^-2·s^-1,出现在每天8:00-9:00和18:00-19:00之间,相对应的最大值分别是4.934,3.034,6.948,5.682,4.823μmol·m^-2·s^-1,出现在13:00-16:00之间。土壤呼吸速率日动态与5 cm土壤温度的相关性最大,R2的值为0.2722~0.8214(P<0.05),与10 cm土壤温度有一定的相关性,与20 cm土壤温度相关性不大。土壤呼吸季动态呈不规则单峰曲线,最小值是2.48μmol·m^-2·s^-1,出现在6月26日,最大值是5.79μmol·m^-2·s^-1,出现在7月24日。土壤呼吸季动态与5,10,20 cm深度的土壤温度均无相关性,与5,10,20 cm深度土壤湿度均有极相关关系(P<0.01),与太阳辐射无相关性。     

施磷量对柴达木枸杞产量与品质及土壤酶活性的影响

以树龄8 a的‘宁杞7号’为试验材料,通过施用不同量的磷肥(P₂O₅)[0 kg/hm²(P₀)、133 kg/hm²(P₁₃₃)、267 kg/hm²(P₂₆₇)、400 kg/hm²(P₄₀₀)、534 kg/hm²(P₅₃₄)和667 kg/hm²(P₆₆₇)]研究施肥量对枸杞产量与品质及土壤酶活性的影响,以期筛选出柴达木地区枸杞栽培的适宜施磷量。结果表明P₅₃₄处理枸杞的产量最高,为8 320 kg/hm²,与P₆₆₇处理无显著差异。P₅₃₄处理枸杞总糖含量较P₀增加42.86%。P₅₃₄处理0～100 cm土层土壤速效磷平均含量为28.9 mg...     

中国西南干热河谷植被恢复研究现状与发展趋势

目的探究红河干热河谷人工恢复植被土壤氮、磷、钾化学计量与土壤微生物和酶之间的关系,以期为干热河谷区不同植被恢复模式对土壤特征的影响提供理论依据和参考。方法以红河干热河谷人工恢复植被和稀树灌草丛为研究对象,采用野外样地调查及室内控制试验的方法,分析久树和铁刀木2种人工纯林与以虾子花为主要植被类型的稀树灌草丛的土壤化学性质、酶及微生物之间的相互关系。结果群落中根系土壤与非根系土壤在有机质、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾、蛋白酶、脲酶、细菌和真菌含量存在显著差异(P<0.05);3种群落的根系与非根系中放线菌含量差异不显著(P>0.05),3种群落根系土壤酸性磷酸酶含量差异不显著(P>0.05);无论是人工恢复植物群落还是稀树灌草丛,根系土壤的活性都较非根系土壤活性高;通过冗余分析(RDA)表明：细菌、真菌和放线菌与缓效钾、速效钾和酸性磷酸酶呈正相关关系;此外,只有蛋白酶与3种微生物呈负相关,驱动群落变异的主要因子是缓效钾,其次是有效磷、有机质和酸性磷酸酶。结论通过人工植被恢复能够改善红河干热河谷林地的群落环境和土壤理化性质,相较于稀树灌草丛群落,人工恢复群落的土壤营养物质能获得更高效的利用,土壤微生物群落数量和结构得到改善,亦为揭示干热河谷的森林生态系统物质循环提供依据。     

连作障碍发生机制研究进展

目的研究不同前作对土壤生物化学性质的影响。方法利用化学和酶学分析及16S多样性测序技术,分析种植7年的不同前作[荞麦(FB)、油菜(FR)、小麦(FW)和绿肥(FG)]烟田土壤的养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构组成。结果(1) FR烟田土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,分别为30.04 g/kg、1.62 g/kg、143.50 mg/kg和88.09 mg/kg,FG烟田次之,但FG烟田速效钾的含量最高(240.10 mg/kg);FG烟田土壤蛋白酶和磷酸酶的活性最高,分别为709.02 μg/(g·d)(酪氨酸)和306.60 μg/(g·h)(对硝基酚),而其脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性仅低于FW烟田,且无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)在细菌群落组成上,FB、FG、FW和FR烟田分别检测出770、670、654和597属,归属于Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi和Acidobacteria等36门,其中Actionbacteria和Proteobacteria相对丰度最高,分别为26.87%~45.21%和25.82%~30.69%,Treptomyces、Bradyrhizobium、Bacillus和Mycobacterium等拮抗菌和Bradyrhizobium、Rhizobium和Paenibacillus等固氮菌在FB烟田土壤细菌群落的相对丰度最高。结论不同前作对烟田土壤理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构的影响不同,绿肥提高了土壤有机质和养分含量以及酶活性;而荞麦改善和提高了烟田土壤细菌种群结构和多样性。     

对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸对巨尾桉9号苗木生长及生理指标的影响

采用基质栽培试验,研究对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸对3月生巨尾桉9号苗木生长及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响,结果表明：对羟基苯甲酸各处理浓度（10、50、100、500 mg/L）下的苗高增长量、地径增长量均显著高于对照,且在10 mg/L时,苗高增长量最大,为52.33 cm;肉桂酸10 mg/L时巨尾桉苗木苗高增长量较对照高,且随着其浓度的增加,苗高增长量和地径增长量均逐渐降低。对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸各浓度下巨尾桉9号苗木叶片叶绿素总含量均极显著低于对照,丙二醛含量略高于对照;对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸各浓度对巨尾桉9号叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性均具有一定的影响。对羟基苯甲酸10、50、100 mg/L及肉桂酸10 mg/L处理下的综合化感效应指数为正,对羟基苯甲酸500 mg/L及肉桂酸50、100、500 mg/L处理下的综合化感效应指数为负。可见,对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸对巨尾桉9号苗木的生长具有“低浓度促进、高浓度抑制”的规律,拐点浓度分别为100、10 mg/L;且在处理浓度相同时,肉桂酸的化感作用较对羟基苯甲酸强。     

氮添加对天山高寒草原土壤酶活性和酶化学计量特征的影响

为探究氮添加对高寒草原生态系统土壤酶活性的影响,于2018年在中国科学院巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站,选择4个氮添加水平(对照,N0,0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;低氮,N1,10 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;中氮,N3,30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;高氮,N9,90 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),开展土壤酶活性对氮添加响应的研究,分析土壤酶活性对氮添加的响应特点,土壤酶化学计量比以及土壤酶活性与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:与对照相比,氮添加在N3水平显著增加β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-1,4木糖苷酶(βX)酶活性(P<0.05),N1和N3水平显著增加碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P<0.05),N3水平显著降低多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性(P<0.05),氮添加对亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性影响不显著,N3水平下显著增加N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,8种土壤酶活性均与土壤有机碳(SOC、NAG除外)和总磷(TP)显著相关,与土壤总氮(TN)不相关。研究区土壤酶活性C∶N∶P化学计量比为1∶1∶1.2,与全球生态系统的土壤酶活性C∶N∶P的比值1∶1∶1相偏离,表明该研究区土壤微生物生长受磷素限制。冗余分析(RDA)进一步揭示出土壤有机碳和土壤全磷含量是影响土壤酶活性的主要因子。     

Organic farming fosters agroecosystem functioning in Argentinian temperate soils: Evidence from litter decomposition and soil fauna

Benefits of organic farming on soil fauna have been widely observed and this has led to consider organic farming as a potential approach to reduce the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. However, there is still little evidence from field conditions about direct benefits of organic agriculture on soil ecosystem functioning. Hence, the aims of this study were to compare the effect of organic farming versus conventional farming on litter decomposition and to study how this process is affected by soil meso- and macrofauna abundances. Systems studied were: (1) organic farming with conventional tillage (ORG), (2) conventional farming with conventional tillage (CT), (3) conventional farming under no-tillage (NT), and (4) natural grassland as control system (GR). Decomposition was determined under field conditions by measuring weight loss in litterbags. Soil meso- and macrofauna contribution on decomposition was evaluated both by different mesh sizes and by assessing their abundances in the soil. Litter decomposition was always significantly higher after 9 and 12 months in ORG than in CT and NT (from 2 to 5 times in average), regardless decomposer community composition and litter type. Besides, mesofauna, macrofauna and earthworm abundances were significantly higher in ORG than in NT and CT (from 1.6 to 3.8, 1.7 to 2.3 and 16 to 25 times in average, respectively for each group). These results are especially relevant firstly because the positive effect of ORG in a key soil process has been proved under field conditions, being the first direct evidence that organic farming enhances the decomposition process. And secondly because the extensive organic system analyzed here did not include several practices which have been recognized as particularly positive for soil biota (e.g. manure use, low tillage intensity and high crop diversity). So, this research suggests that even when those practices are not applied, the non-use of agrochemicals is enough to produce positive changes in soil fauna and so in decomposition dynamics. Therefore, the adoption of organic system in an extensive way can also be suggested to farmers in order to improve ecosystem functioning and consequently to achieve better soil conditions for crop production.     

Impact of soil engineering by two contrasting species of earthworms on their dispersal rates

By burrowing galleries and producing casts, earthworms are constantly changing the structure and properties of the soils in which they are living. These changes modify the costs and benefits for earthworms to stay in the environment they modify. In this paper, we measured experimentally how dispersal behaviour of endogeic and anecic earthworms responds to the cumulative changes they made in soil characteristics. The influence of earthworm activities on dispersal was studied in standardised mesocosms by comparing the influence of soils modified or not modified by earthworm activities on earthworm dispersal rates.The cumulative use of the soil by the earthworms strongly modified soil physical properties. The height of the soil decreased over time and the amount of aggregates smaller than 2 mm decreased in contrast to aggregates larger than 5 mm that increased. We found that: (i) earthworm activities significantly modified soil physical properties (such as bulk density, soil strength and soil aggregation) and decreased significantly the dispersal rates of the endogeic species, whatever the species that modified the soil; (ii) the decreasing in the dispersal proportion of the endogeic species suggests that the cost of engineering activities may be higher than the one of dispersal; (iii) the dispersal of the anecic species appeared to be not influenced by its own activities (intra-specific influences) or by the activities of the endogeic species (inter-specific influences). Overall these results suggest that the endogeic species is involved in a process of niche construction, which evolved jointly with its dispersal strategy.