Bad nature: Newspaper representations of ecosystem disservices

Public perceptions and expectations towards ecosystems are an important part of environmental management and planning. This article focuses on the media representations that disseminate information, create framings and influence public attitudes. More specifically, the focus is on print media representations of ecosystem disservices. Ecosystem disservices are functions or properties of ecosystems that cause negative effects on human well-being or that are perceived as harmful, unpleasant or unwanted. Results from a case study focusing on the Finnish newspaper coverage of ecosystem disservices are presented. The results show that a wide variety of harms and nuisances related to ecosystems are brought up and discussed by the media. Implications for environmental management are discussed. The key claim is that taking into account the full repertoire of media representations of ecosystem functions is vital for preventing, anticipating and solving controversies related to environmental management and planning.     

Design and Results of an Intensive Monitoring Programme for Avian Influenza in Meat‐Type Turkey Flocks During Four Epidemics in Northern Italy

Surveillance programmes for low pathogenicity (LPAI) and high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) infections in poultry are compulsory for EU Member States; yet, these programmes have rarely been evaluated. In Italy, following a 1999 HPAI epidemic, control measures, including vaccination and monitoring, were implemented in the densely populated poultry area (DPPA) where all epidemics in Italy have been concentrated. We evaluated the monitoring system for its capacity to detect outbreaks rapidly in meat‐type turkey flocks. The evaluation was performed in vaccination areas and high‐risk areas in the DPPA, in 2000–2005, during which four epidemics occurred. Serum samples and cloacal swabs were taken from vaccinated birds and unvaccinated (sentinel) birds. We compared the detection rate of active, passive and targeted surveillance, by vaccination status, using multinomial logistic regression. A total of 13 275 samplings for serological testing and 4889 samplings for virological testing were performed; 6315 production cycles of different bird species were tested. The outbreaks detection rate in meat‐type turkeys was 61% for active surveillance (n = 222/363 outbreaks), 32% for passive surveillance and 7% for targeted surveillance. The maximum likelihood predicted values for the detection rates differed by vaccination status: in unvaccinated flocks, it was 50% for active surveillance, 40% for passive surveillance and 10% for targeted surveillance, compared to respectively 79%, 17% and 4% for vaccinated flocks. Active surveillance seems to be most effective in detecting infection, especially when a vaccination programme is in place. This is the first evaluation of the effectiveness of different types of surveillance in monitoring LPAI infections in vaccinated poultry using field data.     

不同培养基及添加物对金线莲生长量的影响

以金线莲为材料,研究在不同培养基中添加不同量的香蕉和马铃薯对金线莲生长量的影响。结果表明:100%MS大量+3%蔗糖培养基是最利于金线莲生长量积累的培养基。在相同培养基中,添加香蕉比添加马铃薯更有利于金线莲生长量的积累。金线莲生长量积累的最佳培养基是:100%MS大量+3%蔗糖+20.0%香蕉。     

鸡腿菇高产栽培技术初步探索

鸡腿菇母种培养基使用最多的是传统的PDA培养基。然而在科研和生产过程中发现,鸡腿菇能够在PDA培养基上生长,但萌发力比较弱、长势缓慢、菌丝活力差,进而影响其产量。鸡腿菇母种培养基的改良具有十分重要的意义。试验对鸡腿菇母种培养基的配方进行了适当的改进,并进行了分别以棉籽壳、牛粪为主料栽培的对比试验。结果表明,改良后鸡腿菇的母种培养基比传统的PDA培养基更适宜鸡腿菇生长需要,且用牛粪为主料栽培鸡腿菇经济效益更高。     

The influence of agronomic advice upon soil water thresholds used for planting decisions in Southern Queensland’s grains region

At least two decades of sustained research, development and extension (RD&E) effort was undertaken in Southern Queensland’s broad acre cropping zone regarding the role of stored soil water in crop performance. Grain industry concern that the resulting insights into stored soil water were not being integrated into the planting decisions of grain producers was raised when a series of dry years culminated in widespread wheat crop failure across Southern Queensland’s Darling Downs in the winter of 2007. This paper reports on a resulting qualitative investigation into the use of stored soil water research in planting decisions in this cropping region of Australia. A dual sample of grain producer and agronomic RD&E advisors were interviewed in-depth in order to establish what planting strategies were used by grain producers, explore the relationship between these strategies and agronomic advice, as well as the relationship between grain grower’s planting decisions and their short and long term economic objectives. We found that all of the interviewees understood the role of stored soil water in crop performance. However, this understanding supported three distinct planting decision strategies: plant only when a stored soil water threshold has been reached; take the opportunity to plant at least some crop each season; and plant at the appropriate time to maximise crop yield and consider stored soil water a bonus. These planting strategies were perceived by the interviewees to be aligned to agronomic advice differentiated by its commercial terms. Private agronomists, hired via an annual retainer, tended to be associated with the first planting strategy while retail agronomists, hired through the purchase of chemicals, were perceived as associated with the second strategy. These results indicate that an industry wide comparison of planting strategies in terms of yield outcomes and economic performance over multiple years is warranted in order to facilitate industry wide discussion of the trade-offs between long term enterprise profitability and short term economic pressures.     

盐碱土中放线菌分离方法研究

研究了不同分离培养基及样品预处理(热处理和化学处理)对盐碱土中放线菌分离效果的影响。结果表明:(1)碱土中放线菌的总数、属数和链霉菌类群数极显著地高于盐土;(2)高氏1号琼脂为最佳的基础培养基,精氨酸-甘油琼脂次之;(3)A3培养基(高氏1号琼脂,N aC l 0.5 g/kg,pH 9.0)为碱土的最佳分离培养基;A1培养基(高氏1号琼脂,N aC l 50 g/kg,pH 7.0)为盐土的最佳分离培养基;(4)盐碱土用无菌的20 g/kg腐殖酸溶液浸泡,于40℃下振荡20 m in,可提高放线菌的出菌率并抑制杂菌生长。     

有机和混合基质配方对青蒜生长发育及营养品质的影响

以大蒜品种G 88为试材,将菇渣、锯末、炉渣和泥炭按不同体积比组成5种混合基质配方,以土壤栽培为对照,施用消毒鸡粪和有机生态型复合肥,研究无土栽培基质配方对青蒜生长发育和品质的影响。结果表明,各基质配方栽培的青蒜在生长发育及营养元素含量等均优于土壤栽培,青蒜的株高和茎粗显著增大,游离氨基酸和大蒜素含量显著提高,植株体内营养元素含量水平普遍较高,青蒜的产量显著提高。比较而言,以纯有机基质配方A 3(菇渣4份+泥炭1份)的栽培效果最优,植株生长健壮,产量显著提高,青蒜品质明显改善。     

医院局域网Web交互式视频点播系统的技术实现及应用效果

 

概述了基于Web交互式医院局域网视频点播系统的技术实现，介绍了网络环境下视频系统平台选择，流媒体、Web交互式方案、媒体资料分类方法以及应用后产生的效果。

     

不同形态氮素对基质栽培甜椒生长发育的影响

研究了铵态氮、酰胺态氮和硝态氮及其不同比例对基质栽培甜椒生长发育及生理活动的影响。表明:秋冬季,铵态氮能改善甜椒的生育状况且提高产量;硝态氮和酰胺态氮作主要氮源时,则植株生育迟缓、产量低。春夏季,适当地使用铵态氮或酰胺态氮对植株的生育是有利的;但铵态氮或酰胺态氮的比例不宜超过总氮量的50%,否则,植株生长受到抑制,导致叶片光合强度下降、产量降低。通过测定植株叶片叶绿素含量、光合强度和矿质元素含量,分析了不同形态氮素对甜椒生理活动的影响。     

红壤丘陵地大面积温州蜜柑低产园改造技术研究

1982～1986年以新建县为试验点,根据其红壤丘陵地温州蜜柑低产园形成的主要原因提出并推广了“营造防护林,改变桔园小气候;广种绿肥,扩穴改土,合理施肥,增强树势;因树修剪,随树造形;推广“九二○”与环割促花保果;预防冻害,保叶过冬和及时防治病虫害”等主要技术措施,取得了明显的效果。树势恢复很快,树冠覆盖率由1981年的8.3%上升到1986年的66.8%,产量大幅度增加,全县总产由1981年的0.45万千克上升到1986年的134万千克,平均每年以212.45%的速度递增。达到了“一年恢复树势,二年见果,三年投产,四年,大面积丰收”的目的。