Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Articular cartilage is a critical joint tissue and its evaluation remains a diagnostic challenge in horses. Coupled with a poor capacity for healing, early degenerative changes in articular cartilage are difficult to characterise using routine diagnostic imaging evaluations. Both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide volumetric joint assessment and highlight morphological and quantitative properties of articular cartilage, improving assessment of this essential tissue. While the use of CT and MRI for joint evaluation is not new, there still remains a shortage of literature and scientific studies on the ability of these methods to evaluate articular cartilage in the horse. This review article summarises current CT and MRI techniques capable of characterising equine articular cartilage, highlights recent advances in these techniques and discusses the numerous methods studied in human subjects that have been minimally investigated in horses. Imaging techniques are presented in terms of their capabilities of offering morphological and quantitative evaluation along with a discussion of their benefits and limitations. Finally, it summarises the current state‐of‐the‐art approaches and identifies unmet clinical imaging needs to propel the advancement of articular cartilage and joint imaging in the horse.     

Expert Opinion to Identify High‐Risk Entry Routes of Canine Rabies into Papua New Guinea

The proximity of Papua New Guinea (PNG) to canine rabies‐endemic countries in South‐East Asia presents a risk of incursion of this disease into PNG and the rest of the Oceanic region. The objective of this study was to identify the highest risk routes for entry of dogs – associated with movement of people – into PNG from canine rabies‐endemic countries. A structured, in‐country expert‐elicitation workshop was used, and 20 entry routes were identified. The highest risk routes were three land routes from Papua, Indonesia (hunters, traditional border crossers and unregulated, unchecked ‘shopper‐crossers’) and two sea routes (fishing and logging). These results will be used to direct more detailed risk assessments to develop surveillance strategies and incursion response plans.     

新农村建设中经济人利他行为对社会福利的影响

借助MATLAB软件利用自编程序,构造一个简明模型来仿真演示新农村建设中经济人利他行为对社会福利的影响。结果表明,在无强制机制约束条件下,无利他奖励机制的群体,利他倾向大的成员,其后期可配置资源和发展水平少于较自私成员;在无强制机制约束条件下,有事后奖励机制但无事后奖励预期的群体,利他倾向大的成员,其后期可配置资源和发展水平多于较自私成员;社会福利由于利他行为产生的利他社会效益,利他者获得的合作剩余和利他行为带来的荣誉义务效用而更大。由于新农村建设增加社会福利和发展农村生产力的一个有效途径是提升农民的理性模式和需求结构,为此可从群体和个人2个方面建立和完善利他行为奖励机制。     

非饱和含湿多孔介质在考虑毛细滞后影响时的传热传质理论

本文通过在液体渗流中引入毛细滞后的影响，采用液相运动的最小梯度假设，导出了非饱和含湿多孔介质的含湿饱和度方程，能量方程和气相总压力方程，从而建立了非饱和含湿多孔介质在受毛细滞后影响时传热质的较普遍理论。     

基于CiteSpace分析新媒体环境下国内期刊发展研究现状

利用文献计量方法和知识图谱绘制软件CiteSpace,以中国知网数据库2002-2015年新媒体背景下期刊发展研究领域的核心期刊的论文为数据来源,对我国新媒体环境下期刊发展研究论文的基本分布情况（作者、机构、期刊和发文量）、研究热点及其演变进行了可视化图谱的绘制,客观分析了新媒体环境下国内期刊发展研究的主要内容和研究热点演变特征,以期通过知识图谱的方式全面掌握近年来我国该领域的研究状况。     

Virtual otoscopy for evaluating the inner ear with a fluid-filled tympanic cavity in dogs

The feasibility of virtual otoscopy (VO) imaging was evaluated in five dogs with experimentally induced otitis media, two control dogs, and two canine patients with otitis media. VO images of the tympanic cavity and ossicles were generated with commercially available software using raw computed tomography (CT) data. Eight out of 10 ears inoculated with pathogen exhibited obvious clinical signs associated with otitis externa. CT images revealed soft tissue density material occupying the tympanic bulla compatible with otitis media in three dogs with experimentally induced otitis media and two patients. No remarkable features were observed on the radiographs. Four different VO views (ear canal, tympanic bulla, eustachian tube, and ossicular chain) were created. Promontory, cochlea window, tympanic, and septum bulla as well as ossicles were easily and clearly distinguished except for the incus and stapes of the clinical patients. VO images were not more suitable than images created with conventional CT for accurately diagnosing otitis media in this study. However, it appears that VO could be more feasible for assessing the complex structure of the inner ear in dogs with fluid-filled tympanic cavities since fluid accumulation within the tympanic bulla did not affect the evaluation of bony tissue in the middle ear on VO images.     

2010～2011年中国部分地区禽坦布苏病毒感染调查及分子变异分析

为了解中国目前禽坦布苏病毒在家禽中的流行状况及病毒分子演化特征,对2010～2011年采集自中国沿海及周边的9个省的439份疑似家禽坦布苏病毒感染的临床样品进行了鉴定,并进行了分离毒株NS5基因的分子遗传进化分析。结果表明,2010年采集的187份家禽病料中检测出42份阳性样品,阳性率为21.6%,而2011年采集的252份样品中检测出37份阳性样品,阳性率为13.9%。对部分毒株的NS5基因测序表明,本研究分离的禽坦布苏病毒与已发布的同时期分离的禽坦布苏病毒NS5基因同源性在98%以上,与2010年前分离的鸡源及蚊媒坦布苏病毒的同源性介于83.8%～85.8%之间;所有2010年后分离的禽坦布苏病毒毒株在系统进化上共同构成了一个进化分支。结果表明,2011年禽坦布苏病毒仍在中国沿海及周边的9个省的家禽中流行,病毒NS5基因的测序分析表明,到目前为止在家禽中流行的禽坦布苏病毒未出现明显的分子变异。     

农业部家畜血吸虫病流行病学观测点2011年观测结果情况

2011年对8个家畜血吸虫病观测点血吸虫感染、野粪污染情况以及螺情进行了调查.全年共检测了21091头牛、1425只羊以及1760头(匹)其他家畜,血吸虫病感染率分别为0.42％、0.63％和0％.在97头(只)感染家畜中,90.72％(88头)为牛,9.28％(9只)为羊.江西省吴城镇和湖南省南大膳镇的牛血吸虫感染率超过4％.在湖南省和江西省的观测点中发现家畜粪便有血吸虫虫卵污染,其中96.15％阳性野粪为牛粪.所有观测点都有钉螺分布,但阳性钉螺主要分布在湖南省和江西省的观测点.观测结果显示湖南省洞庭湖和江西省鄱阳湖地区是目前防控家畜血吸虫病的重点地区,且病牛依然是血吸虫病疫区(尤其是湖沼型地区)的主要传染源.