Improvement of small dairy producers in the central coast of Peru

The objective of this study was to characterize a group of small dairy producers in the central coast of Peru and determine the most important limiting factors that affect animal productivity, using Participatory Rural Appraisal methodologies. The information collected during a year included biological and socio-economic characteristics. Inappropriate nutrition, management, health and reproduction were observed in most farms. The average number of animals per family was 17.3, of which 40% were bulls and growing calves. Milk production and net cash income were reduced in the summer. The feeding programme for lactating and growing females of forage exchanged for labour and purchased concentrates did not theoretically or practically meet the cows’ needs. All water was carried to the site on donkeys from one kilometre distance. All cows were negative for a number of potential infectious diseases. By California Mastitis Test of routine samples 7.1% of cows had clinical mastitis and 66.1% subclinical. Taking notional labour and forage costs into account, milk production was at a loss but the farmers considered neither and were satisfied with a net cash income from milk sales three times the average agricultural wage.     

西部小城镇城郊农户兼业初探——以四川省丹棱县板桥村为例

当前西部小城镇城郊农户兼业现象相当普遍,为了探明其兼营状况,基于对小城镇城郊农户的典型抽样调查,分析了其兼业现状及特点,揭示了农户兼业的原因,指出了存在的消极影响,并针对问题提出对策和建议。     

宁南黄土丘陵区新型集流造林工程的规划设计与应用

为了探索在小流域土壤侵蚀治理基础上的雨水集蓄利用技术和模式,以半干旱黄土丘陵区国家重点治理小流域为研究对象,遵循坡地水量平衡原理和雨水叠加利用理论,提出了一种新型小流域坡地集雨蓄水工程整地造林技术—“88542”集流水平沟。研究这类工程的内涵、集流潜力及其断面参数。并对工程集蓄的径流通过典型工程应用,分析研究了集流水平沟对土壤水分的恢复调控和土壤的改良效果。结果表明,在半干旱黄土丘陵地区适宜修建“88542”集流水平沟,在0~100 cm土层,与自然坡面相比土壤平均含水量提高5.26%;粉砂粒和粘粒含量提高0.67%和1.53%;有机质提高80%;容重降低11.59%;土壤饱和持水量、田间持水量、毛管持水量、总孔隙度、透气度分别增加了0.63%、2.03%、1.92%、2.71%、5.29%,而且林木的生长量也大幅度提高。     

Do regional gradients in land-use influence richness, composition and turnover of bird assemblages in small woods?

Small patches of natural or semi-natural habitat have an important role in the conservation of biodiversity in human-dominated environments. The values of such areas are determined by attributes of the patch as well as its context in the surrounding land mosaic. There is a need for better understanding of the ways in which assemblages are influenced by patch context and the scale over which this occurs. Here we examine the influence of regional environmental gradients on the richness, annual turnover and composition of breeding bird species in small woods in south-eastern England. Regional gradients were defined independently of woods by an ordination of attributes for 5 km × 5 km landscape units across a 2100 km² region. Patch-level attributes, particularly area, were the most important predictors for most bird variables. For woodland migrants and woodland-dependent species, variables representing the context of each wood, either at a local or regional scale, explained significant additional variance in species richness after accounting for wood area, but did not do so for species turnover. Significant context effects for woodland-dependent species related to the extent of hedges and woodland cover in the local vicinity (<1 km radius), whereas for woodland seasonal migrants the best predictors of richness after patch area were two regional environmental gradients. The initial cue to settlement for migrants may be at a coarse regional scale, with selection for suitable landscapes that have a greater extent of woodland cover. Edge species showed different responses: they were influenced by the diversity of structural features in woods, and were a more-dominant component of the avifauna in isolated woods in open fenland environments of the region. Significant relationships between coarse regional gradients (25 km² units) and bird assemblages in small woods (0.5-30 ha) suggest that population and community processes in the avifauna operate across a broader scale than local patch neighbourhoods. They also highlight the importance of adopting a landscape or regional perspective on potential changes to land-use in rural environments, and on the conservation management of small reserves.     

哺乳动物胚胎冷冻技术的研究进展

胚胎冷冻保存已广泛用于胚胎移植、动物克隆以及动物资源保护.此技术的应用需保证胚胎在冷冻-解冻后具有较高的成活率.自从1972年小鼠胚胎冷冻保存获得成功以来,许多学者在简化冷冻程序,缩短冷冻时间,方面进行了深入的研究.本文就胚胎冷冻的原理、保护剂、冷冻方法以及解冻方法等方面进行了综述.     

哺乳动物细胞无血清培养基研究进展

随着哺乳动物细胞培养种类、规模和应用范围的不断扩大以及安全性能要求的不断提高,无血清培养基的研制已经成为细胞工程领域的重要课题.许多类型的哺乳动物细胞无血清培养基配方得到了研究开发和优化,且有些已经进入第3代无蛋白无血清培养基研制阶段.论文重点概述了无血清培养基在添加因子作用机制、细胞分化条件、细胞和组织移植以及肿瘤治...     

哺乳动物嵌合体制作及分析进展

嵌合体技术对研究哺乳动物早期胚胎的发育,探索细胞分化规律,掌握基因的表达调控规律,建立遗传疾病动物模型等具有重要意义。本文分别就近几年来嵌合体动物的制作方法及分析手段作一简要概述。     

小白杏杏仁植物蛋白饮料的研制

[目的]为了研究新疆小白杏杏仁植物蛋白饮料的生产工艺,并探讨去皮工艺、乳化剂、稳定剂等因素对饮料品质的影响。[方法]用凯氏定氮法测定小白杏杏仁的粗蛋白含量,用索氏提取法测定其脂肪含量,用酸度计测定其pH值。[结果]3因素3水平的正交试验的结果表明,小白杏杏仁的最佳去皮条件为:在100℃的浓度0.1%氢氧化钠溶液中浸泡3min,然后手工搓皮。乳化剂的正交试验结果表明,最佳乳化剂配方为:0.05%吐温80+0.30%单甘酯+0.15%蔗糖酯。乳化稳定剂的正交试验结果表明,当乳化稳定剂选用0.05%羧甲基纤维素时,小白杏植物蛋白饮料的稳定性最好。[结论]在该试验条件下制得的饮料色泽乳白,乳化均一,无絮凝沉淀。     

青海省东部黄土丘陵沟壑区泥石流及其防治对策

青海省东部黄土高原丘陵沟壑区高寒干旱，山大沟深，沟壑纵横，生态失调，暴雨频繁，水土流失严重，滑坡、泥石流程度不同地不断发生，严重危害着工农业生产和人民生命财产安全。据调查分析，造成海东泥石流的主要成因，与暴雨、地质、气候、地形、黄土以及人为活动因素有关。防治泥石流灾害必须采取以下措施：全面普查，掌握情况；开展监测工作，进行科学试验；加快坡面、沟道治理；加强管理，依法制止人为水土流失。     

哺乳动物中RNA干扰研究进展

RNA干扰(RNAi)由双链RNA引起,广泛存在于动、植物中的序列特异性转录后基因沉默,是生物体在进化过程中,抵御病毒感染及由于重复序列和突变引起的基因组不稳定性的保护机制。论文从RNAi现象、RNAi发生机制、哺乳动物中的RNAi现象和RNAi与抗病毒感染等几个方面做了综述,详细介绍RNAi在哺乳动物中的应用。