高等农林院校数学建模教育研究与实践

结合1994～1998年甘肃农业大学大学生数学协会数学建模讨论班的实践经验,提出了：高等农林院校数学素质教育内容应包括数学基础教育、数学建模教育、数学建模实践3方面;数学建模教育的形式是“讨论班”;数学建模能力巩固、提高的方式是数学建模竞赛;要培养真正合格的素质型建设人才必须在大学期间参加适当的数学建模实践。并指出只有更多的专家、教授、学者参与到数学素质教育中来,使专业与数学教育真正相结合,数学建模教育乃至数学素质教育的口的才能真正实现。     

桔小实蝇P450基因CYP6A41的克隆与表达分析

【目的】克隆桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)P450基因,研究其在不同组织及发育时期的表达情况,探索其可能存在的生理功能。【方法】采用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)技术,克隆桔小实蝇P450基因CYP6A41;采用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）方法,研究CYP6A41mRNA在桔小实蝇不同组织及不同发育时期的相对表达量。采用Homology程序模拟构建CYP6A41蛋白的三维结构,应用CDOCK程序将之与甲酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、甲基丁香酚3种气味分子进行模拟对接分析。【结果】克隆获得了桔小实蝇P450基因,并命名为CYP6A41。CYP6A41阅读框全长1 530 bp,编码509个氨基酸,该蛋白序列与桔小实蝇的另外一种P450蛋白CYP4D46序列的一致性最高,达99.2%。荧光定量PCR分析表明,CYP6A41在桔小实蝇不同发育时期都有表达,并且在化蛹第1天表达量达到最高峰;CYP6A41在各组织中也都有表达,但以触角中的表达量最高;雄虫生殖节中的表达量约是雌虫的6.8倍;对接结果表明,CYP6A41蛋白与3种小分子化合物均能形成稳定的复合物。【结论】CYP6A41在桔小实蝇雌雄生殖节中的差异表达,暗示该蛋白在雄虫生殖生理过程中发挥作用;CYP6A41在化蛹第1天及触角中的高表达量暗示CYP6A41不仅参与了蛹早期的发育过程,且可能参与了嗅觉气味分子的降解过程。     

Application of different pharmacokinetic models to describe and predict pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in magellanic penguins following oral administration

Aspergillosis is a condition causing serious morbidity and mortality in captive penguins and other bird species. It can be treated with antifungal drugs, such as voriconazole. However, the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole are variable between different animal and bird species. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole were investigated in this study in Magellanic penguins. Pharmacokinetic models were constructed and applied to predict the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole during long‐term treatment in Magellanic penguins, since the voriconazole treatment duration in chronic aspergillosis cases can last up to several months. Plasma voriconazole concentration–time data from adult Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus; n = 15) following a single oral (PO) dose of either 2.5 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg in a herring in three separate study periods 7–12 months apart were collected. Mean plasma voriconazole concentrations were above the targeted MIC for Aspergillus fumigatus for 2 hr following a single 2.5 mg/kg voriconazole dose while the plasma concentrations exceeded the MIC for least 24 hr following a 5 mg/kg dose. Nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling was used to fit two pharmacokinetic models, one with first‐order and another with saturable elimination, to the single‐dose data. Fits were good for both, as long as dose was included as a covariate for the first‐order model so that clearance was lower and the half‐life longer for animals receiving the 5 mg/kg dose. Although the single‐dose data suggested saturated elimination at higher concentrations, the model with saturable elimination did not predict plasma voriconazole concentrations well for a clinical aspergillosis case receiving long‐term treatment, possibly because of induction of metabolizing enzymes with chronic exposure. Pharmacokinetic models should accurately predict plasma drug concentrations for different dosage regimens in order to be applicable in the field. Future studies should focus on determining clearance at steady‐state to be able to refine the pharmacokinetic models presented here and improve model performance for long‐term oral voriconazole administration in Magellanic penguins.     

2BLZ-2型垄上镇压精密播种机的研制与试验

２ＢＬＺ－２型垄上镇压精密播种机是为ＳＺＬ－２型深施肥整地联合作业机研制的配套机具。对该机的结构设计与技术参数做一介绍,并对田间试验进行了统计分析。     

基于切比雪夫多项式的数控机床几何误差参数化建模

为了快速精确地建立机床几何误差项数学模型,提出了一种基于切比雪夫多项式的参数化建模方法。首先针对测量得到的机床基本几何项数据,将机床相应运动轴进给量转化为切比雪夫变量。其次将切比雪夫变量代入不同阶次的切比雪夫多项式得到相应的值。然后根据切比雪夫基函数值和切比雪夫变量用多元线性回归方法获得相应的系数,得到关于切比雪夫基函数的数学模型。最后将运动轴进给量与切比雪夫变量之间的转化关系代入得到基本几何误差项的数学模型。建模过程简单且易程序化,切比雪夫多项式的高逼近精度使得建立的模型精度高。将所有几何误差项参数化模型代入机床几何误差模型综合数学模型,从而可得到机床工作空间几何误差场分布。以MV-5A三轴立式加工中心为例,将各个几何误差项参数化模型代入机床几何误差模型中得到该机床综合几何误差数学模型,进而得到该机床工作空间几何误差场分布,为机床设计和误差补偿提供了理论依据。     

Application of crop growth simulation and mathematical modeling to supply chain management in the Thai sugar industry

The poorly integrated cane supply planning between mills and cane growers in the Northeast of Thailand generates an excess of cane supplies that exceeds the mills’ capacity during the peak of harvest season. Each grower individually determines his/her cultivation plan by selecting planting dates and cultivars based on one’s own preference without taking into account the individual mill’s capacity and other growers’ plans. This situation causes most sugarcane grown in this area to reach its mature stage at the same period. In this study, we propose a framework of cultivation planning to cope with the problem. The focus of the cultivation plan is a long-term plan to determine the cultivation time, the cultivar selection and the corresponding prospective harvesting time window for each field such that overall sugar production is optimized.The crop growth model and a mathematical model are employed for yield simulation and optimization task. The crop growth model enables decision-makers to visualize cane production of each individual field at different dates with different cultivars and allow decision-makers to apply the mathematical programming to cultivation planning. The suggested framework has the potential to increase sugar production by 23% when compared to the traditional method.     

油菜收获机清选装置虚拟样机的建模与仿真实验

针对油菜收获机清选装置的设计及改进过程中存在的各种问题,以DF-1.5型物料脱粒分离、清选仿真与控制试验台为原型,建立风筛清选装置的虚拟样机模型,并对不同机械系统工作参数下,油菜物料在清选装置中的运动规律进行初步的仿真研究。     

国家尺度种植业面源污染负荷估算方法研究

空间尺度上,种植业面源污染负荷估算可用分为田块尺度、流域尺度和区域尺度。国家尺度属于区域尺度范畴,是掌握整个国家种植业源污染负荷概况、检验种植业面源污染防治措施成效、预测面源污染发展趋势的重要尺度。本文综述了国家尺度上种植业面源污染负荷估算的研究方法,主要包括输出系数法、改进输出系数法、多元回归法、贝叶斯递归回归树模型、过程模型模拟法等,并利用以上方法对我国种植业面源污染负荷进行估算。其中氮素径流损失估算结果在0.30～2.40 Tg之间,氮素淋洗损失为0.36～2.03 Tg,磷素径流损失为3.5～6.37 Mg。指出了我国国家尺度种植业面源污染流失量估算方法存在以下主要问题:源头排放未区分背景排放和肥料排放,也未考虑南方一年多熟制排放差异,过程削减未充分考虑沿程消纳。为此,提出我国国家尺度种植业面源污染负荷估算方法应进一步明细各土地利用输出系数、区分背景排放和肥料排放,考虑我国熟制的区域差异、考虑田块到流域出口的沿程削减。     

拖拉机液压悬挂装置的建模及仿真分析

分析了拖拉机液压悬挂装置的组成及工作原理,建立了系统的数学模型;并应用MATLAB软件对系统进行了稳定性分析和仿真,效果良好.建模仿真技术是研究机组系统整体的最佳设计(匹配)、最佳使用和提高机组效益的有效途径,为解决拖拉机机组系统分析与综合有效途径提供了参考依据.     

3种异速生长方程对生物量建模的对比分析

利用5个树种的1 055株样木的生物量实测数据,对3种常用的异速生长方程的建模效果进行比较分析。结果表明,二元生物量模型M=aDbHc的拟合效果通常要好于一元生物量模型M=aDb;基于组合变量的常用二元模型M=a(D2H)b并不适合于各类生物量的估计,仅对树干生物量和干材生物量的估计是有效的,对其它生物量的估计其效果还不如一元模型;建立树冠、树枝和树叶生物量模型时,采用组合变量D3/H可能是合适的。