野生鼓槌石斛的有性扩繁方法

[目的]采集野生鼓槌石斛的成熟蒴果,利用组培无菌快繁技术获得大量野生鼓槌石斛种苗。[方法]将野生鼓槌石斛成熟蒴果消毒灭菌,并将其种子播种于MS培养基上获得大量原球茎,然后分别转接到不同的培养基上,最后在不同阶段的培养基上筛选出适合野生鼓槌石斛分化和生长的培养基。[结果]将野生鼓槌种子在MS培养基上培养,种子萌发率达95%以上;最利于原球茎分化的培养基为3/4MS+NAA 0.8 mg/L+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+土豆泥4%+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂5 g/L,成苗率高、出苗整齐;最适幼苗生长培养基为3/4MS+NAA 0.8 mg/L+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+香蕉汁7%+土豆泥2%+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂5 g/L,小苗粗壮、叶片浓绿;最适生根壮苗培养基为3/4MS+NAA 0.8 mg/L+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+香蕉汁7%+土豆泥2%+AC 0.5 g/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂5 g/L,瓶苗生根多而粗壮,叶片浓绿生长整齐。[结论]该研究为野生鼓槌石斛资源的收集与保存提供了参考。     

Interactions between South American sea lions Otaria flavescens (Shaw) and salmon farms in southern Chile

By means of surveys in 48 salmon farms in Chile, and the analysis of fish mortality in 23, the results showed that attacks by the South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens, were periodical at a daily and seasonal scale, and because of their natural nocturnal feeding behaviour, were more frequent at night and in fall–winter seasons. The attacks varied markedly between the farms studied. No relation was found between the intensity of attacks, the distance to the nearest colony of sea lions and the population in the colony. Differences found between farms could be because of the different protective devices used, namely anti‐predator nets, acoustic harassment devices (AHDs) and fibreglass models of killer whales, and the way in which they were used. Of these devices, only the anti‐predator net achieved a permanent reduction in sea lion attacks. Both AHDs and fibreglass killer whales were inefficient in the short term.     

高比例种仁杂交亲本的发现对枣树有性杂交育种的重要意义

枣树有性杂交育种存在许多难题,其中大多数枣树品种的种核没有种仁是影响枣树有性杂交育种关键问题。笔者在开展枣树有性杂交育种时,发现了鲜食冬枣和制干金丝小枣具有饱满、高比例的种仁,含种仁率分别为84.71%和50.00%~117.77%。通过冬枣×梨枣有性杂交组合,采集冬枣种子2 160粒,获取杂交实生苗625株,最后复选出主要性状超双亲的子代优良品系60株,综合性状超双亲的子代优良品系6株。该发现对枣树的有性杂交育种有重要意义。     

Chronic Peripheral Administration of Kappa-Opioid Receptor Antagonist Advances Puberty Onset Associated with Acceleration of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Female Rats

Puberty in mammals is timed by an increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. Previous studies have shown involvement of the two neuropeptides, kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB), in controlling puberty onset. Little is known about the role of the other key neuropeptide, dynorphin, in controlling puberty onset, although these three neuropeptides colocalize in the arcuate kisspeptin neurons. The arcuate kisspeptin neuron, which is also referred to as the KNDy neuron, has recently been considered to play a role as an intrinsic source of the GnRH pulse generator. The present study aimed to determine if attenuation of inhibitory dynorphin-kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) signaling triggers the initiation of puberty in normal developing female rats. The present study also determined if stimulatory NKB-neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) signaling advances puberty onset. Female Wistar-Imamichi rats were weaned and intraperitoneally implanted with osmotic minipumps filled with nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a KOR antagonist, or senktide, a NK3R agonist, at 20 days of age. Fourteen days of intraperitoneal infusion of nor-BNI or senktide advanced puberty onset, manifested as vaginal opening and the first vaginal estrus in female rats. Frequent blood sampling showed that nor-BNI significantly increased luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency at 29 days of age compared with vehicle-treated controls. Senktide tended to increase this frequency, but its effect was not statistically significant. The present results suggest that the inhibitory input of dynorphin-KOR signaling plays a role in the prepubertal restraint of GnRH/LH secretion in normal developing female rats and that attenuation of dynorphin-KOR signaling and increase in NKB-NK3R signaling trigger the onset of puberty in female rats.     

Influence sexual dimorphism on the persistence of blood parasites in infected Calomys callosus

Gender has long been known to be a contributory factor in the incidence and progression of disorders associated with immune system disregulation. The aims of this experiment were to verify the influences of sexual dimorphism on the persistence of blood parasites out of the acute phase of infection. Male and female Calomys callosus were separated and infected with two strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, and let age until 120 days. Xenogiagnostic, culture of organs and blood, histopathology and lytic antibody percentages were evaluated on late chronic phase. Xenodiagnosis, hemoculture and lytic antibody percentages were positive from 45 until 120 days. For both strains in adrenal and heart, amastigote burdens were present until 45 days, scarcely found on 60 days and absent on 120 days. Steroid hormones, although having a protective role, does not enable animals to get completely rid of the infection. Even without showing apparent signs of pathological unbalance, parasites persists, hidden throughout the host’s body.     

性诱剂和诱捕器诱杀害虫效果简报

通过进行性诱剂和诱捕器诱杀害虫的对比试验,试验结果表明,从诱捕器的诱虫效果来看,不管是单放还是混放性诱剂均以用UMT—B诱捕器的诱蛾量较多。从性诱剂诱芯的诱虫效果来看.不管是用UMT—B诱捕器还是可乐瓶诱捕器,单放甜菜夜蛾性诱剂诱蛾量较多。从诱蛾持效期来看,中科院甜菜夜蛾诱芯诱蛾持效期较长,达30 d左右。     

现代大学制度视角下的校园性骚扰及其防治

高校性骚扰案偶见报端,引起社会的关注。由于学术权力的渗入和大学特有的组织氛围,以及校园中潜在的性别歧视,校园性骚扰不同于一般性骚扰。主要是由学术权力渗入的学术性骚扰,还有类同于职场的上下级之间的性骚扰以及同事之间的、学生与学生之间的性骚扰。骚扰途径越来越多样,既有面对面的言语挑逗、行为接触,也有利用现代通讯工具和社交软件进行的性骚扰。建议在大学内部治理中加强对校园性骚扰的防治,完善相应的制度建设。     

Wpkci基因用于鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交早期胚胎性别鉴定

 【目的】建立鉴定鸡（♂）与鹌鹑（♀）属间杂交早期胚胎性别的方法,检验早期胚胎性别比。【方法】人工授精获得鸡与鹌鹑杂交种蛋,按照鸡的标准孵化条件同批入孵,连续随机采集发育早期66、72、78、84、90、96、102、108、114、120 h活胚。采用RT-PCR方法,以已知性别的鹌鹑作外参照,β-actin引物作内参照,用鹌鹑Wpkci基因保守区设计的引物鉴定早期胚胎样本性别。【结果】Wpkci引物可以准确鉴定杂交胚胎的性别;早期胚胎性比率与理论值相比,差异极显著（P＜0.01）,雄性明显多于雌性;不同天数间性别比率差异不显著（P＞0.05）。【结论】利用Wpkci引物建立了一种简单、快速、可靠、稳定的鉴别杂交胚胎性别的方法;早期胚胎雌性死亡率明显高于雄性,雌性死亡率无特定高峰,需进一步研究。     

Influence of different food sources on the initial development of sexual recruits of reefbuilding corals in aquaculture

In coral aquaculture, sexual reproduction increasingly plays an important role for serving trade and reef restoration purposes. However, until coral juveniles reach a semi-stable size which makes them less vulnerable against algal growth and sedimentation, high mortality rates may occur in the first several weeks to months after settlement. In the present study, the influence of several food sources on the growth and survival of newly settled primary polyps was studied under laboratory conditions for 5 months. In order to estimate effects on specimens of both reproductive modes, experiments were carried out with the brooder, Favia fragum, and with the broadcast spawner, Acropora tenuis. Primary polyps kept in 2-liter aquaria were daily fed with freshly hatched Artemia salina, the micro algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and a commercially available dry food (Nori Micro, Zoolife®), respectively, at various concentrations. Growth rates in both species were significantly higher in the Artemia treatment with maximum rates of 9.4 ± 4.9 mm² (mean ± S.D.; d = 5 months) for F. fragum and 26.8 ± 10.3 mm² (d = 5 months) for A. tenuis compared to all other treatments and the control (no additional food). Survival in F. fragum was overall higher than 60% in all treatments with maximum rates of 85.0 ± 12.6% at the highest Artemia concentration. Survival rates in A. tenuis ranged from 28.9 ± 4.7% (lowest Nori concentration) to 86.2 ± 5.9% (medium Artemia concentration). The present study shows that Artemia nauplii may greatly enhance the growth and partly enhance the survival of early sexual recruits which may significantly help to more rapidly overcome the early and most fragile post-settlement stages. As a consequence, the residence time for sexual coral recruits in cost- and labour-intensive hatcheries may be greatly reduced.     

辣木有性繁殖技术研究进展

从辣木(Moringa oleifera Lam.)的种子处理、基质筛选、栽培密度和病虫害防治4个方面综述了国内在辣木有性繁殖技术上的研究进展,并在此基础上针对一些问题进行探讨,旨在为辣木的研究与推广应用提供参考。