害虫性信息素种群监测和大量诱杀技术的应用

昆虫性信息素是雌雄虫体交流的一种特异性化学物质,利用这种化学物质防治农业害虫在过去50年已经在国内外广泛应用.性信息素在农业上最广泛和成功的应用就是害虫种群监测及大量诱杀,用于监控和诱捕的性引诱剂产品每年估计有数百万,覆盖大约1000万hm2田地.简要介绍这两种技术近几年在国内外的应用情况,详细介绍不同目昆虫性信息素两种技术使用进展,并总结应用中存在的问题和其发展趋势.     

硝酸银对迷你桔瓜性别分化及坐果性的影响研究

[目的]探索利用硝酸银喷叶处理幼苗的方式解决迷你桔瓜春季栽培时存在雌花数较多且先于雄花开放的阶段性雌雄不配套问题,为生产上促进迷你桔瓜提早上市并增加产量提供理论依据。[方法]在迷你桔瓜幼苗生长的不同时期进行不同浓度的硝酸银喷叶处理,对各处理桔瓜性别分化情况和坐果性进行统计分析。[结果]利用硝酸银喷叶处理桔瓜幼苗可以促进雄花提早分化,增加雄花数量,使雌雄比降低;促进及早坐瓜,使第1坐果节位降低,提高单株坐果数;处理的最佳浓度为200 mg/L,处理的最佳时期为4叶1心期。[结论]硝酸银喷叶处理幼苗可以解决迷你桔瓜春季栽培时存在雌花数较多且先于雄花开放的问题,能促进迷你桔瓜提早上市并增加产量。     

Elucidation of the sex pheromone system of the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae): a short review

Summary Recent research, reviewed here, of the pheromone system of the potato tuberworm moth has led to the isolation, identification, and synthesis of its components.trans-4,cis-7-tridecadien-l-ol acetate (PTM 1) andtrans-4,cis-7,cis-10-tridecatrien-l-ol acetate (PTM 2), mixtures of which are much more attractive in the field than 2 virgin female moths or each compound on its own.     

Adiposity and adiponectin in dogs: investigation of causes of discrepant results between two studies

Although one study showed lower adiponectin concentrations in obese dogs, other recent studies indicate that adiponectin might not be decreased in obese dogs, raising the possibility that the physiology of adiponectin is different in dogs than in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate possible causes of the discrepancy between the two largest studies to date that assessed the association between adiposity and adiponectin concentration in dogs, including the validity of the assay, laboratory error, and the effects of breed, sex, and neuter status on the relationship between adiposity and adiponectin concentrations. Adiponectin concentrations measured with a previously validated adiponectin ELISA were compared with those estimated by Western blotting analysis of reduced and denatured plasma samples. The possibility of laboratory error and the effect of EDTA anticoagulant and aprotinin were tested. Adiponectin concentration was measured by ELISA in 20 lean dogs (10 male and 10 female, 5 neutered in each sex). There was close correlation between adiponectin concentrations measured by ELISA and those estimated by Western blotting analysis (r = 0.90; P < 0.001). There was no substantial effect of EDTA, aprotinin, or laboratory error on the results. There was confounding by neuter status of the relationship between adiposity and adiponectin concentrations, but adiponectin concentrations were not significantly lower in male than in female lean dogs (females, 36 mg/L; males, 26 mg/L; P > 0.20) and were not significantly lower in intact than in neutered lean male dogs (intact, 28 mg/L; neutered, 23 mg/L; P = 0.49). We conclude that the adiponectin ELISA previously validated for use in dogs appears to be suitable for determination of canine adiponectin concentrations and that testosterone does not appear to have a strong effect on plasma adiponectin concentrations in dogs. Obesity might decrease adiponectin concentrations in intact but not in neutered dogs.     

引进日本性信息素迷向丝控制苹果害虫试验初报

利用性信息素迷向法控制害虫是一有效途径。引进日本产复合搅乱剂－A控制苹果几种主要害虫，经第1年试验结果表明，在不喷杀虫剂条件下，对桃小食心虫、卷叶蛾类、金纹细蛾等有相当作用，且对七星瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫有很好的保护培养效果。     

粘虫不同迁飞世代雄蛾对性诱反应的田间观察

本试验对田间两个不同迁飞世代粘虫成虫的性诱反应作了观察,并且同其对糖醋液的趋性进行了比较。结果表明:迁入代雄蛾对性诱剂反应强烈,迁出代雄蛾对性诱剂基本上不反应。这种现象与迁入迁出世代中雌蛾在生殖滞育上存在显著差别相对应。因此,本文提出粘虫雄蛾存在类似于雌蛾的“生殖滞育”的可能性,并指出雄性“生殖滞育”对了解迁飞机理的意义。     

绵山天幕毛虫性信息素通讯系统扫描电镜观察

通过对绵山天幕毛虫性信息素释放系统——雌蛾性腺和性信息素接受系统——雄蛾触角进行扫描电镜观察,发现绵山天幕毛虫性信息素分泌腺位于腹尖末端8~9节之间,是一个可外翻的环状结构;性信息素感受器主要为毛形感器。绵山天幕毛虫性信息素通讯系统的研究为绵山天幕毛虫性信息素的快速提取、分析、合成提供了依据。     

核桃举肢蛾性诱剂的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验

通过Witting反应合成四种核桃举肢蛾性诱剂。林间诱蛾试验表明:人工合成的四种性诱剂对核桃举肢蛾都有一定的诱蛾活性,不同组分按一定比例组合后诱蛾活性有所增强,特别是Z-8-13∶Ac和Z-9-16∶OH以2∶8的比例组合后诱蛾效果最高。为核桃举肢蛾虫情测报提供了一条有效途经。     

The effect of in vivo and in vitro applications of ethrel and GA<Subscript>3</Subscript> on sex expression in bitter melon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Momordica charantia</Emphasis> L.)

Bitter melon (Momordica Charantia L.) is an important vegetable crop with nutritional and medicinal qualities. As a member of cucurbitaceae it is monoecious with varying proportions of staminate and pistillate flowers. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of various applications of ethrel and gibberellic acid (GA₃) on sex modification in M. charantia. In the first set of experiments, various concentrations of hormones were added to the seed germination medium, in the second, adult plants growing in the field were sprayed with aqueous solutions of ethrel or GA₃ three times at three-day intervals. The number and sex of open flowers was recorded daily for 60 days after the first flower opened and total number of staminate and pistillate flowers was calculated at the end of the experiment. The highest frequency (29.5%) of pistillate flowers was observed in plants treated with 500 ppm ethrel at germination. Similarly, spraying of adult plants with 100 ppm GA₃ increased the proportion of pistillate flowers to 26% relative to 15% in untreated controls. Both ethrel and GA₃ induced significantly higher number of pistillate flowers than control. In vitro hormone application during seed germination was much more successful than spraying of field grown plants.