柠檬自交后代抗柑橘溃疡病的离体鉴定

为鉴定柠檬自交后代对柑橘溃疡病的抗性,以柠檬鲜叶为材料,通过注射法和针刺法接种不同浓度溃疡病菌菌液,对114株柠檬自交后代群体进行离体鉴定,并以感病材料冰糖橙、抗病材料枸橼C-05作为对照。结果表明:柠檬自交后代对溃疡病抗性存在个体间差异;其中,注射接种法中表现为抗10~4和10~5 CFU/m L病原菌的植株有24株,针刺接种法中表现为抗108 CFU/m L病原菌的植株有11株;其中,有6株柠檬自交后代在2种鉴定方法中均被认定为抗病株。综合2种鉴定方法,114株柠檬自交后代中有29株对溃疡病表现出抗10~4 CFU/m L病原菌。     

‘芽黄’红瑞木枝干溃疡病病原菌的鉴定及药剂防治

‘芽黄’红瑞木枝干溃疡病在上海发生严重。本研究通过病原菌分离,致病性测定和形态学特征观察,将引起此病害的病原菌鉴定为拟盘多毛孢属一种Pestalotiopsissp.。通过扩增病原菌的rDNA-ITS序列,构建系统发育树,其在系统发育树上与拟盘多毛孢属中分生孢子中间三个细胞异色的类群处于同一分支,此结果与形态学鉴定结果一致。5种杀菌剂室内药剂筛选结果表明,对Pestalotiopsis sp.的抑制中浓度(EC50)为0.639~1.787μg/mL。4种杀菌剂室外药效试验结果表明,在发病初期,25%丙环唑乳油和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治效果可达80%以上,当病害发展后,供试4种杀菌剂对病害的防治效果均小于50%。     

上海地区种植的21个番茄品种抗细菌性溃疡病的鉴定

番茄溃疡病是由密执安棒形杆菌密执安亚种引起的番茄最具毁灭性病害之一,选育和种植抗耐病品种是防治该病最经济有效的防治手段。本研究收集上海种植的21个番茄品种进行温室育苗,在苗期和成株期分别采用打顶法接种进行抗病性测定。分级调查病情,根据病情指数划分反应型,确定供试品种的抗感类型。在供试的21个番茄品种中,只有欧宝318、粉丽、浙粉202和世纪粉冠王表现为中度感病,其余全为高感品种,没有免疫、抗病或耐病品种。     

Effects of fruit maturity and wetness on the infection of apple fruit by Neonectria galligena

Neonectria galligena can cause European canker of apple as well as fruit rot. Healthy unwounded fruits on potted trees of cvs Cox, Bramley and Gala were inoculated with conidia of N. galligena to investigate the effects of wetness duration and fruit maturity on rot development. Overall, the incidence of fruit rot was influenced more by fruit maturity at the time of inoculation than by duration of wetness (6–48 h). Young fruit were most susceptible to infection, with 50% of fruit infected when inoculated up to 4 weeks after full bloom. The susceptibility decreased initially until c. 2 months after full bloom and then increased gradually until harvest. Almost all preharvest symptoms (eye rot) developed only on the fruit inoculated up to 4 weeks after full bloom. All other rots were observed after six‐month postharvest storage under controlled atmospheric conditions. However, the relative proportion of preharvest eye rots and postharvest storage rots varied greatly among three years. The effect of wetness duration was only significant for fruit inoculated in their early stages of development but not for those inoculated near harvest. Regression models were developed to describe the observed effects of fruit maturity and wetness on the incidence of total nectria rots.     

Analysis of the natural infection of European horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) by Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi (Psa) is an emerging bacterial pathogen responsible for a recent epidemic of bleeding canker of European horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) in northwest Europe. Very little is known about the infection biology of this pathogen, which can cause lethal cankers in the branches and stem of its host. In this study, branches and whole trees of European horse chestnut naturally infected with Psa were subjected to detailed morphological and histological examination to identify the primary infection sites, the time of infection, and the patterns of subsequent lesion expansion within the host. Lesions developed during the host dormant season on the 2003–2009 extension growth increments and were centred mainly on lenticels, leaf scars and nodes. The oldest lesion developed in the 2004/2005 dormant season and the number of new lesions increased in each subsequent year. The lesions developed in the cortex and phloem and extended into the cambium to cause cankers, but there was no evidence of necrosis in the xylem. All lesions on the branches were discrete and apparently contained by a necrophylactic periderm, although there was evidence that Psa could survive within such periderms and subsequently breach them. Examination of two whole 30‐year‐old trees revealed extensive, continuous cankers in the phloem and cambium which had formed within a single growing season. Thus, the success of Psa as a tree pathogen and the causal agent of a large‐scale epidemic may in part reflect an ability to infect the aerial woody parts of its host directly.     

吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌JK-SH007的发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的防治效果

本文研究了拮抗细菌吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia pyrrocinia菌株JK-SH007产抗菌物质的最佳发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的野外防治效果。结果表明,牛肉膏、蛋白胨是发酵培养基中最佳营养物质,有利于菌株JK-SH007抗菌物质的产生;培养基初始pH、培养时间、温度、培养体积、不同牛肉膏、蛋白胨组合等对菌株生长及其抗菌物质的产生有明显的影响,初始pH7、牛肉膏2g、蛋白胨20g、以1/2装液量装液、30℃振荡培养36h可获得较高产量的胞外分泌型抗菌物质;菌株JK-SH007的发酵液对杨树溃疡病的野外防效可达40.54%。     

Suppression of Botryosphaeria canker of apple by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Stem brown canker or Botryosphaeria canker disease impairs the growth and kills the shoots, limbs and even trunks of infected apple trees. Apple roots are usually colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which may have a positive influence on plant growth and suppression of diseases. In order to assess the efficacy of AM to suppress the disease severity and plant growth enhancement, nine AMF inoculation treatments (Sclerocystis dussi, Glomus intraradices, G. fasciculatum, G. bagyaraji, G. leptotichum, G. monosporum, Gigaspora margarita, a mixed AM culture and a non-mycorrhizal control treatment) were used in this present study. Two-year-old potted apple plants, maintained under glasshouse conditions, were either pre-inoculated with AMF followed by stem inoculation with Botryosphaeria ribis or simultaneously inoculated with Botryosphaeria ribis and AM. The results indicated that the incidence of canker was less severe in plants inoculated with AMF in comparison to non-mycorrhizal control. Timing of inoculation also had a significant effect on disease development and plant survival. Plants pre-inoculated with mycorrhiza performed better over those inoculated simultaneously with Botryosphaeria ribis and AM fungi. Furthermore, AM inoculation resulted in improved survival and growth of AMF-colonized plants; though, it varied by species of AM fungi utilized.     

Inheritance of virulence in Fusarium circinatum,the cause of pitch canker in pines

Wildtype strains of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker, were crossed to obtain an F₁ generation. Progeny of this cross were tested for virulence by inoculating Pinus radiata seedlings, and were found to induce a wide range of lesion lengths. Two strains from the F₁ generation that induced long lesions (= high virulence) were used as parents to produce an F₂ generation, followed by a second round of selection for high virulence to obtain an F₃ generation. Mean lesion lengths were not significantly different between the three generations (P ≥ 0.196). A parallel set of crosses was performed to select for low virulence by using progeny in the F₁ and F₂ generations that induced short lesions as parents for F₂ and F₃ generations, respectively. In this case, both rounds of selection resulted in a significant reduction in mean lesion length, from 33.8 ± 0.8 mm in the F₁ generation, to 19.7 ± 0.7 and 12.9 ± 0.7 mm in the F₂ and F₃ generations, respectively. Thus it is apparent that F. circinatum retains the genetic capacity for avirulence to pines, which could reflect a lack of strong selection for virulence in nature. Progeny of a cross between high and low virulence parents manifested nearly continuous variation in lesion lengths, consistent with virulence being a quantitatively inherited trait. Based on this cross, broad‐sense heritability (H²) was determined to be 0.74, which suggests that virulence is under strong genetic control.     

Bleeding canker of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) in Ireland: incidence,severity and characterization using DNA sequences and real‐time PCR

A survey of bleeding canker disease, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi, was undertaken across Ireland. Incidence has become severe and can be considered epidemic, as 61% of the 1587 horse chestnut trees surveyed showed symptoms of the disease. Bacteria were isolated from a sample of trees and characterized using gyrBDNA sequencing. DNA was also extracted directly from wound tissue. The Irish P. syringae pv. aesculi genotype was identical to genotypes previously sequenced with gyrB from the UK and some other locations in Europe. Real‐time PCR, using existing primers and a newly designed, more pathovar‐specific primer set, was assessed for use in disease screening. With molecular screening, a total of 11 trees from a sample of 55 tested positive for P. syringae pv. aesculi in Ireland. It was more efficient to extract DNA directly from wound tissue, especially fresh bark, for disease detection than to undertake bacterial isolation with subsequent molecular analysis. A further set of sequencing primers was developed for the amplification of the gyrB gene from P. syringae pv. aesculi and their specificity was shown using a diverse sample of bacterial isolate DNAs. The study also isolated and identified other bacterial species from diseased material; some of these are known pathogens (Brenneria nigrifluens, P. marginalis and P. syringae) or have previously been identified as potentially beneficial endophytes of host trees (Erwinia billingiae, E. tolentana, P. fluorescens, P. putida and Raoultella).