Dynamics of soilborne Rhizoctonia solani in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum: effects on stem canker, black scurf and progeny tubers of potato

Stem canker and black scurf are diseases of potato caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani . Spatiotemporal experimentation and empirical modelling were applied for the first time to investigate the effect of antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum on the dynamics of soilborne R. solani on individual potato plants. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of symptoms, expressed as 'rhizoctonia stem lesion index' (RSI), during the first 7 days post-inoculation when the inoculum of R. solani was placed at certain distances (30–60 mm) from the host. For example, with inoculum at 40 mm from the host, RSI was 6 and 40 with and without T. harzianum , respectively. At later observation times, the antagonistic effect was overcome. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of black scurf on progeny tubers. Furthermore, the mean number of progeny tubers per potato plant was reduced by the biocontrol treatment (means of 6·5 ± 1·1 and 9·9 ± 2·7 tubers per plant with and without T. harzianum , respectively), as was the proportion of small (0·1–20·0 g) tubers (48% and 66% with and without T. harzianum , respectively). Additionally, there were fewer malformed and green-coloured tubers in pots treated with T. harzianum than in those without T. harzianum .     

果树腐烂病发病规律及药剂防治效果初步研究

[目的]田间调查、摸清巴旦杏果树腐烂病发病规律,进行田间不同药剂的药效试验,为科学有效防治巴旦杏果树腐烂病提供依据.[方法]在4月9、10、12日病菌活动及病斑扩展盛期开展不同药剂防治小区试验.[结果]发病规律:早春树液流动时开始传播危害,在4～9月分生孢子器成熟,空气湿度大时,陆续长出分生孢子角,产生大量的分生孢子,进行多次侵染危害,直至越冬前停止侵染.尤以春季为重.植物源杀菌剂、疮流孔绝、长效康复灵防治效果分别为80;、90;、100;,不同药剂对巴旦杏果树腐烂病的防治效果存在差异,但防治效果均在80;以上.[结论]供试的几种药剂对果树巴旦杏腐烂病均有较好的防治效果.     

Production of Transgenic Anliucheng Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) with Xa21 Gene for Potential Canker Resistance

Citrus canker, an epidemic quarantine disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, has brought a great damage in citrus production worldwide. Herein, a rice PRR (pattern recognition receptor) gene Xa21 together with GUS reporter gene and hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (HPT) was introduced into Anliucheng sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic callus. The transgenic calluses were screened on MT basal medium containing hygromycin (HYG) and detected by histochemical GUS staining. The transgenic plantlets were recovered through somatic embryogenesis pathway. The regenerated plantlets were accustomed to and maintained in the greenhouse. The transgene integration of recovered plantlets was identified by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. It showed that all the transgenic plantlets tested had undergone single copy integration, the expression of Xa21 in eight different transgenic lines detected by qRT-PCR can be divided into three grades, high for T5 and T6, middle for T4 and low for the rest. The tolerance to citrus canker disease of the three recovered transgenic lines T2, T4 and T6 was assessed by in vitro pin-puncture inoculation. The results showed that all the three transgenic lines conferred improved resistance to citrus canker bacterium infection and the T4 transgenic line displayed the highest resistance. The mechanism and feasibility of rice Xa21 in triggering innate immunity in citrus was briefly discussed.     

Ceratocystis platani is killing plane trees in Istanbul (Turkey)

Ceratocystis platani was detected at several locations in the European side of Istanbul, causing severe dieback and mortality, mainly on Platanus × acerifolia imported from Italy approximately 160 years ago, but also on Platanus orientalis. In the work reported here, the causal agent of the dieback and mortality was identified based on morphological characteristics in culture and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, confirming the presence of C. platani in Turkey. All analysed C. platani isolates from Istanbul shared the same ITS sequence with European C. platani strains available in the NCBI, but differed from other species previously ascribed to the Ceratocystis fimbriata species complex. Pathogenicity of C. platani was proven by inoculation onto 25‐cm‐long and 4–9 mm diam. P. orientalis twigs and the causal agent reisolated from symptomatic tissues. In a survey of 976 Platanus in streets and parks of Istanbul, 26.5% of trees showed symptoms of C. platani infections, whilst 5.6% were dead. The proportion of symptomatic trees was higher where management interventions, such as topping or pruning and felling infected trees had been carried out.     

Occurrence and pathogenicity of Phytophthora × cambivora on Prunus laurocerasus in Serbia

Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) is a native plant species in Serbian forests, but is also widely used for ornamental plantings. Following two extremely wet summers in 2014 and 2015, in spring and summer of 2016 and 2017, numerous cherry laurel plants with symptoms indicative for Phytophthora diseases, like wilting and chlorosis of leaves, dieback and bleeding bark necroses, were recorded in a park in Belgrade and in two ornamental nurseries in central Serbia. From necrotic bark samples and rhizosphere soil, self‐sterile Phytophthora isolates with woolly colonies were obtained. Due to the production of ellipsoid and elongated, non‐papillate sporangia in water and of ornamented oogonia with two‐celled antheridia in mating tests with tester strains of both Phytophthora × cambivora and P. cryptogea, these isolates were identified as P. ×cambivora which was confirmed by ITS sequence analysis. Pathogenicity of P. ×cambivora from cherry laurel (PCCL) was tested by inoculating one‐year‐old seedlings of cherry laurel under the bark. P. ×cambivora from European beech (PCB), and isolates of P. cactorum (CAC), P. cryptogea (CRY), P. plurivora (PLU) and P. ×serendipita (SER) were included as comparison. Three and a half months after inoculation, nine of the twelve plants in PCB, three in PCCL and CAC and two in PLU declined with longitudinal necroses and chlorosis, wilting and premature shedding of leaves. These results demonstrate the ability of P. ×cambivora to infect and cause decline of cherry laurel plants. The particularly high aggressiveness of the P. ×cambivora isolate from beech shows that this pathogen poses a serious risk to cherry laurel in the rare natural communities of cherry laurel and beech in Serbia.     

Host specificity of co‐infecting Botryosphaeriaceae on ornamental and forest trees in the Western Balkans

The Botryosphaeriaceae is a diverse family of endophytes and fungal pathogens of mainly woody plants. We considered the host range and distribution of these fungi by sampling diseased ornamental and forest trees and shrubs in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, spanning a Mediterranean and a Continental climatic region. In total, ten Botryosphaeriaceae species were identified in the Western Balkans and with the exception of Sphaeropsis visci and Phaeobotryon cupressi, which occurred on one host, all the species had a broader host range. Phaeobotryon cupressi was found only in the Mediterranean region and S. visci, Dothiorella sp., Dothiorella sarmentorum and Diplodia seriata were present only in the Continental region. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on a variety of hosts from which the Botryosphaeriaceae species were isolated. These included leaves and/or stems of seedlings of 21 hosts, and cut leaves and/or branches of six hosts. Moreover, stems of seedlings of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cedrus deodara, Picea omorika, Pinus patula and Eucalyptus grandis were inoculated as hosts from which some or all of the Botryosphaeriaceae species used for inoculation were not isolated. Inoculations showed that the majority of these fungi could also co‐infect hosts other than those from which they were isolated. The results suggest that most of the species have broad host ranges and can potentially cause disease on a broad range of tree species under certain conditions.     

柠檬自交后代抗柑橘溃疡病的离体鉴定

为鉴定柠檬自交后代对柑橘溃疡病的抗性,以柠檬鲜叶为材料,通过注射法和针刺法接种不同浓度溃疡病菌菌液,对114株柠檬自交后代群体进行离体鉴定,并以感病材料冰糖橙、抗病材料枸橼C-05作为对照。结果表明:柠檬自交后代对溃疡病抗性存在个体间差异;其中,注射接种法中表现为抗10~4和10~5 CFU/m L病原菌的植株有24株,针刺接种法中表现为抗108 CFU/m L病原菌的植株有11株;其中,有6株柠檬自交后代在2种鉴定方法中均被认定为抗病株。综合2种鉴定方法,114株柠檬自交后代中有29株对溃疡病表现出抗10~4 CFU/m L病原菌。     

‘芽黄’红瑞木枝干溃疡病病原菌的鉴定及药剂防治

‘芽黄’红瑞木枝干溃疡病在上海发生严重。本研究通过病原菌分离,致病性测定和形态学特征观察,将引起此病害的病原菌鉴定为拟盘多毛孢属一种Pestalotiopsissp.。通过扩增病原菌的rDNA-ITS序列,构建系统发育树,其在系统发育树上与拟盘多毛孢属中分生孢子中间三个细胞异色的类群处于同一分支,此结果与形态学鉴定结果一致。5种杀菌剂室内药剂筛选结果表明,对Pestalotiopsis sp.的抑制中浓度(EC50)为0.639~1.787μg/mL。4种杀菌剂室外药效试验结果表明,在发病初期,25%丙环唑乳油和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治效果可达80%以上,当病害发展后,供试4种杀菌剂对病害的防治效果均小于50%。     

上海地区种植的21个番茄品种抗细菌性溃疡病的鉴定

番茄溃疡病是由密执安棒形杆菌密执安亚种引起的番茄最具毁灭性病害之一,选育和种植抗耐病品种是防治该病最经济有效的防治手段。本研究收集上海种植的21个番茄品种进行温室育苗,在苗期和成株期分别采用打顶法接种进行抗病性测定。分级调查病情,根据病情指数划分反应型,确定供试品种的抗感类型。在供试的21个番茄品种中,只有欧宝318、粉丽、浙粉202和世纪粉冠王表现为中度感病,其余全为高感品种,没有免疫、抗病或耐病品种。