柑桔溃疡病生物防治研究

为减少柑桔溃疡病综合防治中化学农药的使用，提高柑桔产量和品质，对柑桔溃疡病的生物防治进行了研究，从湖南衡阳等地采集不同品种的叶片、幼果，采用平板稀释分离法进行分离，共获得35个分离菌株，分别测定这些菌株对柑桔溃疡病病菌的拮抗作用，结果表明，K-2，K-18两种细菌对柑桔溃疡病病菌有明显的拮抗效果，无菌滤液的水合茚三酮反应结果表明，KI-18菌产生的抗生素中含有蛋白多肽类物质，这两种拮抗细菌的培养液在温室和大田防治试验中对柑桔溃疡病表现出了良好的防治效果。     

杨树细菌溃疡病感病寄主无机元素的变化

杨树受到细菌溃疡病菌的侵染后，体内的无机元素含量都发生了变化。K的含量增高能够刺激细胞分裂素的增多，这可初步解释K的含增高是使寄主产生肿瘤的原因之一。Ca参与细胞壁的合成，Ca的含量显著增高可用来加速合成瘤部细胞的骨架。Cu、Fe的含量都有较明显的降低，这两种元素与寄主体内过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性降低有关。     

苹果树腐烂病侵染来源的研究

将苹果、梨、山楂、桃、杏、杨树腐烂病病原菌的培养性状、产孢条件和数量、分生孢子器及分生孢子的大小进行比较，种间存在明显差异。交互接种试验表明，苹果壳囊孢（ＣｙｔｏｓｐｏｒａｓＰ．）能够侵染苹果、梨、山楂、桃、杏、杨树枝条，接种发病率为５％～１００％；梨壳囊孢（Ｃ．ｃａｒｐｈｈｏｓｐｅｒｍａ）、山楂壳囊孢（Ｃ．ｏｘｙａｃａｎｔｈａｅ）、核果壳羹孢（Ｃ．ｌｅｕｃｏｓｔｏｍａ）—桃和杏树的分离物均能够侵染苹果枝条，接种发病率为６０％～１００％；金黄壳囊孢（Ｃ．ｃｈｒｙｓｏｐｅｒｍａ）虽然不能侵染苹果枝条，但是苹果壳囊孢（Ｃｙｔｏｓｐｏｒａｓｐ．）能够侵染杨树枝条，接种发病率为１００％。因此，６种树木上的腐烂病菌均可成为苹果树腐烂病的侵染来源。     

安徽板栗病害及其新记录

本文报道了１９９１～１９９６年期间对安徽板栗病害的调查,通过调查明确了我省板栗病害有３４种,其中有２种为国内新记录,它们是细枝溃疡病（ＦｕｓｉｃｏｃｃｕｍｃａｓｔａｎｅｕｍＳａｃｃ．）及黑斑干枯病（ＰｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａｃａｓｔａｎｅａｅＫａｔｓｕｒａｅｔＵｃｈｉｄａ）;上述病害对栗树造成的减产、局部或整株枯死十分显著,应引起足够的重视。     

Characterization of Botryosphaeriaceae from plantation‐grown Eucalyptus species in South China

The Botryosphaeriaceae is a species‐rich family that includes pathogens of a wide variety of trees, including Eucalyptus species. Symptoms typical of infection by the Botryosphaeriaceae have recently been observed in Eucalyptus plantations in South China. The aim of this study was to identify the Botryosphaeriaceae associated with these symptoms. Isolates were collected from branch cankers and senescent twigs of different Eucalyptus spp. All isolates resembling Botryosphaeriaceae were separated into groups based on conidial morphology. Initial identifications were made using PCR‐RFLP fingerprinting, by digesting the ITS region of the rDNA operon with the restriction enzymes CfoI and KspI. Furthermore, to distinguish isolates in the Neofusicoccum parvum/N. ribis complex, a locus (BotF15) previously shown to define these species, was amplified and restricted with CfoI. Selected isolates were then identified using comparisons of DNA sequence data for the ITS rDNA and translation elongation factor 1‐alpha (TEF‐1α) gene regions. Based on anamorph morphology and DNA sequence comparisons, five species were identified: Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, N. ribis sensu lato and one undescribed taxon, for which the name Fusicoccum fabicercianum sp. nov. is provided. Isolates of all species gave rise to lesions on the stems of an E. grandis clone in a glasshouse inoculation trial and on the stems of five Eucalyptus genotypes inoculated in the field, where L. pseudotheobromae and L. theobromae were most pathogenic. The five Eucalyptus genotypes differed in their susceptibility to the Botryosphaeriaceae species suggesting that breeding and selection offers opportunity for disease avoidance in the future.     

Detection of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri from field samples using single‐tube nested PCR

A single‐tube nested PCR was developed for detection of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker disease. The assay targets the pthA gene of Xcc and utilizes different annealing temperatures for the two primer pairs. It reliably detected as few as 1·0 × 10² Xcc cells, and was unaffected by the presence of PCR inhibitors. It was 10‐fold and 8500‐fold more sensitive than standard PCR and ELISA, respectively. Increased sensitivity was also achieved via the use of a washing method for DNA extraction, as opposed to direct extraction from leaf tissue. When evaluated for Xcc detection in 90 samples collected from affected pomelo orchards, the single‐tube nested PCR was superior to standard PCR, detecting the pathogen in 67 vs. 54 samples. It was also able to detect Xcc from samples with and without symptoms. This assay can be used as a rapid and sensitive technique for routine Xcc detection in field samples for surveillance of citrus canker.     

苹果树腐烂病发生与土壤养分关系的研究

[目的]探讨川西高原苹果主产区苹果树腐烂病发生程度与土壤大量元素的含量及元素间的平衡关系.[方法]在川西高原苹果主产县盐源县选取苹果树腐烂病发生程度不同的24个果园,调查苹果树腐烂病发生程度,测定发病树盘下土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,研究苹果树腐烂病发生与土壤营养成分的关系.[结果]苹果树腐烂病发生程度与土壤营养水平有明显相关性,土壤钾含量与腐烂病的发生程度呈极显著负相关,元素间平衡与腐烂病发生程度关系密切(病情指数与N/K和P/K均呈显著正相关).[结论]为控制该区域苹果树腐烂病发生,应控氮,增磷、钾,同时重视有机肥的施用.     

Effect of Date of Planting, Genotype and Source of Seed on Disease Incidence, Yield, and Agronomic Performance of Soybean

Four soybean genotypes chosen from four seed sources were planted in a factorial arrangement on four dates in a split-plot design at the Alabama A & M Experimental Station on a Decatur silt clay loam soil. The highest vigor index was recorded from seeds harvested from the 4th date of planting. These seeds had the lowest level of Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora infection, indicating that vigor index, as a measurement of seed quality, was negatively correlated with the level of infection by soybean stem canker pathogen. Seed yield was highest at the 2nd date of planting and lowest at the 4th date of planting. Tracy-M and Bedford confirmed previous reports on their resistance and susceptibility, respectively, to soybean stem canker. All the genotypes performed their best at the 2nd date of planting. Source of seeds appeared to have little effect on the performance of the plant in the field.     

Ability of governments to take actions to confront incursions of diseases – a case study: citrus canker in Florida

When governments take actions under their police powers to prevent incursions of diseases, they may damage or destroy private property and a question arises of who should pay for property losses. A court in Florida concluded that the state needed to pay for property destroyed under a citrus canker eradication programme. Because this interpretation of the Florida Constitution’s Just Compensation Clause makes it more difficult to administer a successful eradication programme, governments and scientists, working with industry, may want to develop a more comprehensive accounting of scientific data and procedures that justify an eradication programme’s actions. This paper identifies three problems regarding Florida’s efforts to eradicate citrus canker so that scientists, affected industries, and governments can employ an objective reassessment mechanism to support their actions without legal interference.     

红瑞木溃疡病病原菌的鉴定

为了明确近年来引起上海辰山植物园红瑞木上枝干溃疡病的病原菌种类,首先对病原菌分离并依据柯赫氏法则进行了致病性测定和病原菌验证,然后进行了形态学特征观察、rDNA-ITS序列分析和系统发育树构建。病原菌形态学特征与葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)一致,其rDNA-ITS序列(已提交GenBank,登录号:JN638454)与GenBank中葡萄座腔菌相似性达到99%,在系统发育树上与葡萄座腔菌处于同一分支。将辰山植物园红瑞木枝干溃疡病的病原菌鉴定为葡萄座腔菌(B.dothidea)。