Canadian waters provide critical foraging habitat for leatherback sea turtles

From 1998-2005, we collected 851 geo-referenced records of leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, from a volunteer network of commercial fishers and tour boat operators in Atlantic Canada. These data provide new insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of leatherbacks in temperate northwest Atlantic waters. Patterns in sightings data were consistent with the results of concurrent satellite telemetry studies, revealing a broad distribution of leatherbacks on the Scotian Shelf throughout the foraging season, and regular occurrence in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence in late summer and fall. Our results suggest inter-annual variation in leatherback abundance in Canadian waters, with reported sightings across all years peaking on August 5 (95% CI: July 25-August 15). Weekly mean area sea surface temperature (SST) had a significant effect on the number of leatherback sightings reported, independent of day of year, with each 1 °C rise in temperature increasing reported sightings by 12.5% (95% CI: 2.1-23.8%). Most turtles were reported inshore from the continental shelf break and mean SST associated with sightings was 16.6 °C (sd = 2.3 °C). Our findings suggest that Canadian waters support one of the highest summer and fall densities of leatherbacks in the North Atlantic, and should be considered critical foraging habitat for this endangered species. Conservation efforts must be broadened to address threats to leatherbacks in this area.     

Mid-latitude wind stress: the energy source for climatic shifts in the North Pacific Ocean

Analyses of atmospheric observations in the North Pacific demonstrate extensive decadal-scale variations in the mid-latitude winter surface wind stress. In the decade after 1976 winter, eastward wind stress doubled over a broad area in the central North Pacific and the winter zero wind stress curl line was displaced about 6° southward. This resulted in increased southward Ekman transport, increased oceanic upwelling, and increased turbulent mixing as well as a southward expansion of the area of surface divergence. All these factors contributed to a decadal winter cold anomaly along the subtropical side of the North Pacific Current. In summer the cold anomaly extended eastward, almost reaching the coast of Oregon. The increased gradient in wind stress curl and southward displacement of the zero curl line also resulted in an increase in total North Pacific Current transport, primarily on the Equator side of this Current. Thus, surface water entering the California Current was of more subtropical origin in the post-1976 decade. Southward (upwelling favourable) wind stress and sea surface temperature (SST) in the area off San Francisco exhibit at least three different types of decadal departures from mean conditions. In association with the 1976 climatic shift, marine fishery production in the Oyashio, California and Alaska Currents altered dramatically, suggesting that these natural environmental variations significantly alter the long-term yields of major North Pacific fisheries.     

卵形鲳鲹 SST1基因的克隆与组织表达

为了解卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotus ovatus） SST1基因的生物学信息、胚胎发育不同时期的表达水平及其在组织中的表达和分布情况,进而探讨 SST1基因可能的生理功能及作用机制。对卵形鲳鯵基因组（登录号: PRJNA574895）中的 SST1基因（ID:EVM0001630）进行生物信息学分析,并对其在卵形鲳鯵胚胎发育的不同时期及其在幼鱼不同组织中的表达情况进行定量分析。结果表明,卵形鲳鲹的 SST1基因全长1 155 bp,开放阅读框序列长1 104 bp,共编码368个氨基酸,蛋白分子质量为41.42 ku,理论等电点pI为8.47,属于带正电的疏水性蛋白。SST1蛋白无信号肽序列,亚细胞定位主要于细胞质膜,属于膜蛋白,包含17个磷酸化位点,存在7个跨膜结构域,三维结构主体为7段α-螺旋并列扭曲排列成的一柱状结构。序列比对和系统进化树分析显示,卵形鲳鲹与黄尾鰤和高体鰤共聚于一个分支,氨基酸序列同一性分别为98.39%和  98.37%。定量PCR分析结果表明, SST1在卵形鲳鲹胚胎发育的前13个时期微量表达,进入初孵仔期表达量迅速升高。 SST1在卵形鲳鲹幼鱼不同组织中的表达量差异极显著,其中在脑组织中表达量最高,其次是卵巢和精巢,在背鳍、皮肤、肌肉等其他11个组织中的表达量相对较低。说明 SST1在卵形鲳鲹神经内分泌、性腺发育及生殖细胞发生过程中可能发挥着重要作用。     

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔场分布的影响

研究大范围环境变化对茎柔鱼渔场分布的影响,对指导渔业科学生产、掌握资源变动规律具有重要意义。根据2005—2009年我国鱿钓船鱿钓生产数据,结合表温(SST)、0~200 m垂直水温(15 m水层温度T15,50 m水层温度T50,100 m水层温度T100,200 m水层温度T200)等资料,研究厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔场分布的影响。结果表明,2006和2009年10—12月受厄尔尼诺影响,作业渔场分布在79°W~84°W、10°W~17°S海域,最适SST为19~22℃;2007年10—12月受拉尼娜影响,作业渔场分布在81°W~85°W、10°W~14°S海域,最适SST为17~20℃,中心渔场作业范围相比厄尔尼诺年份向北偏移1°~2°,平均SST降低2℃。各层水温分布表明,2007年10—12月T15和T50水温均明显高于2006年10—12月,最大温度差值为6~9℃;T100和T200温度差别较小,最大温度差值为1℃。水温垂直结构结果表明,2006年10—12月作业渔场未形成明显的上升流,主要分布在外洋水与沿岸水交汇处;2007年10—12月的沿岸一侧形成了势力强劲的上升流,作业渔场主要分布在上升流等温线密集交汇处。此外,由于受上升流的加强使栖息水层营养盐丰富,更有利于茎柔鱼索饵,导致茎柔鱼渔场分布也出现一定转移。研究表明,秘鲁外海中心渔场位置的变化与厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件具有密切关系。     

中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)延绳钓渔场分布的时空变化

为提高中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业作业效率和应对多变的渔业政策等提供参考,本研究根据2011年2月-2012年1月间中水集团远洋渔业股份有限公司的10艘延绳钓渔船的作业数据,结合海洋表层水温(SST)等环境因子,统计分析了单位努力量渔获量(CPUE)、渔获量和SST之间的关系并利用频度累加法分析了该海域长鳍金枪鱼渔场分布的时空变化。结果显示,中西太平洋海域,深度为200 m和150 m的水温全年基本维持不变,但SST变动较大并对渔场分布和CPUE有较大影响。渔场的周年变动是由14°S左右向26°S转移再回归14°S的一个往复过程;20°S以北的渔场全年连续存在,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为28-29℃的水域;23°S以南的渔场,因为受到复杂天气状况的限制,只有5-8月适合生产作业,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为22-24℃的水域,被调查船只在南部渔场,在此期间,被调查作业船只以全年14.4%的作业天数,捕获了占全年总渔获量27.6%的长鳍金枪鱼渔获物。若加强作业船只和渔具的抗风浪性,则可以在25°S以南的海域探索新的全年稳定存在的长鳍金枪鱼渔场。     

利用MODIS遥感数据探测长江口及邻近海域赤潮初步研究

针对2004年6月11日和2005年5月25日发生在长江口及邻近海域的赤潮,利用EOS/MODIS遥感数据进行监测研究。采用海表温度19°C及叶绿素a浓度6mg/m3经验数据作为阈值,结合多波段差值比值法对MODIS遥感图像中长江口及邻近海域的赤潮进行综合检验。研究结果表明,利用MODIS遥感数据探测赤潮是可行的,并建立了运用多波段差值比值法、海表温度及叶绿素a浓度的阈值综合判定法对赤潮灾害进行探测的方法。     

Analyzing soil soluble phosphorus transport with root-phosphorus-uptake applying an inverse method

Soil soluble phosphorus (P) transport with root-phosphorus-uptake (RPU) is a critical process for plant growth, cycling of P in soil-plant systems and environment protection. However, modeling soil soluble P transport is extremely challenging because it is difficult to measure the RPU distribution directly, especially in the field. In this study, an inverse method, which was utilized successfully to estimate the root-water-uptake (RWU) rate distribution by Zuo and Zhang (2002) and the source-sink term in the nitrate (NO⁻₃-N) transport equation by Shi et al. (2007), was applied to estimate the RPU rate distribution and analyze soil soluble P transport in the soil-plant systems. A soil column experiment (Exp. 1) and a field experiment (Exp. 2), respectively with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) growth, were carried out to observe the dynamics of soil water and soluble P. Based on the experimental data in Exp. 1, the average RWU and RPU rate distributions during different irrigation periods were estimated using the inverse method. The relative errors of the total P extracted by wheat between the estimated and measured values during all periods were less than 10%. The estimated RPU rate distribution during the period of 10.5-15.5 days after planting (DAP) was used to optimize the dimensionless RPU factor δ to establish the RPU model (δ = 1.31), which helped to calculate the RPU rate distributions during other periods (from 16.5 to 57.5 DAP) in Exp. 1. The calculated RPU rate distributions were compared well with the estimated profiles by the inverse method, and the root mean squared error between them was less than 0.00005 mg cm⁻³ d⁻¹. Correspondingly, the calculated total P extracted by winter wheat was also comparable with the measured value, with the relative error less than 10%. Similarly, the procedures were employed for summer maize in Exp. 2. The estimated (using the inverse method) and calculated (through the RPU model with δ = 1.38) RPU rate distributions were in good agreement with the root mean squared error as less as 0.000031 mg cm⁻³ d⁻¹. According to the established RPU models (δ = 1.31 and 1.38 for Exps. 1 and 2, respectively), the distributions of soil water content and soluble P concentration were simulated, and compared well with the measured profiles, with the maximum root mean squared error of 0.0088 cm³ cm⁻³ and 0.0066 mg cm⁻³ in Exp. 1, and 0.023 cm³ cm⁻³ and 0.0015 mg cm⁻³ in Exp. 2, respectively. The inverse method should be effective and applicable for estimating the RPU rate distribution, establishing the RPU model and analyzing soil soluble P transport in soil-plant systems, either in laboratory or in the field.     

热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕鲨鱼种类组成和渔获率及其与表温的关系

根据2007年12月~2008年3月采集的热带大西洋(05°37′~12°01′N、29°00′~36°51′W)金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物数据,分析了金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕鲨鱼的种类组成、渔获量、渔获率及其与表温的关系。本次调查共捕获鲨鱼8种,隶属3目7科7属,总渔获尾数为633 ind,总渔获量达26 837.4 kg,其中大青鲨为主要兼捕种类。各种鲨鱼渔获率平均值在0.003~1.524 ind/1 000 hooks之间,其中大青鲨最高,其值为1.524 ind/1 000 hooks,大眼砂锥齿鲨最低,其值为0.003 ind/1 000 hooks。各种鲨鱼渔获率月变化不明显(ANOVA,P=0.901)。鲨鱼总渔获率和大青鲨渔获率与表温都呈显著性负相关。大青鲨主要出现渔场的表温范围为24.6~25.8℃。     

Survival of rockhopper penguins in times of global climate change

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