基于USLE模型的重庆仙鱼小流域土壤流失减少比例评价

以仙鱼小流域为例,通过对各项措施图斑的平均坡度、坡长、保土措施、植被覆盖度、土地利用方式等调查,采用USLE方程的各参数因子,计算土壤流失减少比例.仙鱼小流域通过治理后,水土流失减少比例为28.19%,水土流失防治达到目标要求;通过对不同措施图斑水土流失减少比例分析,水土流失减少比例随着坡度或坡长的增加而增加,以25°坡度、70 m坡长作为变化的分界点,当坡度在25°以下或坡长小于70 m时土壤流失减少比例变化趋势较缓,当坡度在25°以上或坡长大于70 m时土壤流失减少比例增长趋势较快;各项水土保持措施中,以石坎坡改梯防治水土流失的效果最好,坡面水系工程措施可有效提高坡耕地抵御季节性干旱的能力.该研究结果可为今后开展小流域综合治理提供实践经验.     

北京百花山大阴坡植被垂直分带方法的探讨

该文尝试从植物群落的垂直分布和植物区系地理成分的垂直变化对北京百花山大阴坡植被作垂直分带，其结果与土壤的垂直分带和主要依据水、热因子和群落特征划分的植被垂直分带基本是一致的．故认为植物区系地理成分的垂直变化对植物群落的垂直分布不仅提供了一个定性的指标，而且也提供了一个定量的指标，它应是山地植被垂直带划分的一个参考因素．     

云南尖山河流域不同植被类型的蓄水能力

为了得出云南省尖山河流域内蓄水功能较强的优势林分,合理调整该流域内的森林结构,充分发挥森林涵养水源的功能,2004年,对该流域几种不同植被类型的植被持水量、枯落物持水量和土壤的储水量分别进行了研究。植被和枯落物的持水量采用浸泡法测定;土壤的蓄水量通过挖土壤剖面测定土壤孔隙度和土层厚度的方法测定,进而将土壤蓄水量转换为土壤孔隙度与土壤平均厚度之积。结果表明,不同植被类型的植被持水量、枯落物持水量和土壤蓄水量都存在极显著差异(P=0.00<0.01)。该实验条件下,梯田的蓄水能力最好,其次是云南松Pinus yunnanensis次生林和杉木Cunningharnia lanceolata次生林也具有较好的蓄水能力。6种土地利用类型的最大蓄水量的大小依次为:梯田(5473.10 t.hm-2)>云南松次生林(5 464.22 t.hm-2)>杉木次生林(5433.03 t.hm-2)>荒草地(5203.23 t.hm-2)>坡耕地(5039.10 t.hm-2)>灌木林(4 610.45 t.hm-2)。表4参12     

基于日光诱导叶绿素荧光探测植被光合对气象干旱的响应

干旱是世界范围内最常见、最复杂的气象灾害,一定程度上会削弱陆地生态系统的碳汇功能。开展植被对干旱响应的研究并选择敏感的干旱探测因子,有助于掌握干旱对植被的影响规律、理解植被对干旱胁迫的响应过程和机理。本研究以日光诱导叶绿素荧光（SIF）数据和标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）为基础,利用最大相关系数法分析中国区域内2000-2018年生长季植被光合对气象干旱的响应,比较不同干旱梯度、不同植被对干旱响应的敏感性以及SPEI响应时间尺度的变化特征。结果表明：（1）SIF与SPEI具有很好的相关性,显著正相关的面积达到75.05%,主要分布在东北、西南和青藏高原地区,且大部分地区对SPEI的响应时间尺度以中短期为主。（2）SIF在春季对SPEI显著相关的区域占比最少,夏季达到最高,秋季又略有下降。对干旱响应的时间尺度在春季以短期为主,而夏季响应时间尺度长的区域较春季有所增加。（3）半干旱区对干旱的敏感性最强,干旱区最弱,不同气候区对干旱的响应时间尺度均以短期为主。（4）研究所选植被类型均能较早地对干旱做出响应,其中,草地对干旱最敏感,林地和农田相对较弱,阔叶林比针叶林对干旱更敏感。研究结果表明...     

特征优化结合随机森林算法的干旱区植被高光谱遥感分类方法

针对高维光谱纹理特征空间的降维和特征优化算法结果的不确定性问题,该研究在提取多尺度纹理图像构建高维光谱纹理特征空间的基础上,将遗传算法（genetic algorithm,GA）、粒子群优化算法（particle swarm optimization,PSO）等传统特征优化算法和广义正态分布优化算法（generalized normal distribution optimization,GNDO）、原子搜索算法（atom search algorithm,ASO）、海洋捕食者算法（marine predators algorithm,MPA）等特征优化算法与随机森林（random forest,RF）图像分类算法相结合,提出了GA-RF、PSO-RF、GNDO-RF、ASO-RF和MPA-RF算法,并应用于青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州都兰县宗加镇附近区域资源一号02D（ZY1-02D）高光谱数据的植被类型分类。结果显示,在高光谱反射率数据基础上加入多尺度纹理特征使总体分类精度（overall accuracy,OA）提升了8.02个百分点。与传统RF方法相比,提出算法的植被分类 OA提升了1.32～2.40个百分点,其中MPA-RF方法取得了最高的分类精度,OA和 Kappa系数分别为88.92%和0.86。研究表明从不同窗口大小、窗口移动方向提取的纹理图像有利于区分不同的植被与地物类型,在光谱特征基础上加入多尺度纹理特征能有效提升植被识别精度。以迭代优化的方式将特征优化算法与图像分类算法相结合,缓解了优化算法结果的随机性,克服了高维特征的休斯效应,提高了植被分类精度。该研究为高光谱遥感植被分类中特征提取、特征优化与分类算法选择提供了思路。     

LOCAL PERCEPTIONS OF WOODY VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN THE CONTEXT OF A ‘GREENING SAHEL’: A CASE STUDY FROM BURKINA FASO

After decades of drought in the Sahel, several studies have reported a ‘(re)greening’ of the area. However, most of these studies were based on large scale climatological or remotely sensed observations, with little or no ground truthing. The aim of this study was to assess the local perceptions of the distribution of socio‐economically important tree species in the Sub‐Sahel of Burkina Faso. Semi‐structured interviews were performed with 87 groups of informants from 20 villages belonging to three ethnic groups (Mossi, Fulani and Samo). Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to compare perceptions between the targeted ethnic groups. According to the locals, more than 80 per cent of the 90 listed species were declining, with over 40 per cent identified as threatened, including numerous plants of great economic value. Increasing species were mostly drought‐tolerant plants such as Balanites aegyptiaca. A few species were listed as locally extinct. Gender and age did not significantly affect local knowledge, whereas ethnicity did. The major causes of species decline were identified to be drought, deforestation and bushfires. In all ethnic groups, informants observed a southward shift in species distribution. Local perceptions suggest a general decline in woody vegetation. Thus, the alleged (re)greening in the Sahel might not have reversed the degradation of woody species in the area. Data derived from local ecological knowledge were consistent with that of many ecological studies, suggesting the reliability of people's knowledge for obtaining ecological data. Information from this study can be used as baseline for conservation of species identified as threatened. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DEGRADATION AND RECOVERY PROCESSES IN SEMI‐ARID PATCHY RANGELANDS OF NORTHERN PATAGONIA,ARGENTINA

Vegetation in many arid and semi‐arid shrublands frequently occurs in patches with high plant cover (shrub patches) interspersed in a low‐cover herbaceous matrix (inter‐shrub areas). We hypothesized that (a) livestock grazing is an important determinant of such spatial patterns of vegetation, and (b) redistribution of soil resources associated with shrub patches helps in the recovery of vegetation in inter‐shrub areas. To test these hypotheses, we (a) used line transects to compare spatial variations in vegetation, soil microtopography, and soil physicochemical properties in grazed areas and areas protected from grazing since 1970, (b) added sediment and seeds to inter‐shrub areas, and (c) measured resource redistribution after a wildfire. Results were consistent with the hypotheses. They indicated greater spatial heterogeneity in vegetation, soil microtopography and soil physicochemical properties in grazed areas than in protected areas, and that addition of sediment and seeds or redistribution of soil resources from shrub patches after a wildfire enhanced re‐establishment of vegetation in degraded inter‐shrub areas. As a synthesis, a conceptual model of degradation and recovery processes in semi‐arid shrublands of Northern Patagonia is presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vegetation dynamics of coal mining city in an arid desert region of Northwest China from 2000 to 2019

Coal mining has led to serious ecological damages in arid desert region of Northwest China. However, effects of climatic factor and mining activity on vegetation dynamics and plant diversity in this region remain unknown. Wuhai City located in the arid desert region of Northwest China is an industrial city and dominated by coal mining. Based on Landsat data and field investigation in Wuhai City, we analyzed the vegetation dynamics and the relationships with climate factors, coal mining activity and ecological restoration projects from 2000 to 2019. Results showed that vegetation in Wuhai City mostly consisted of desert plants, such as Caragana microphylla, Tetraena mongolica and Achnatherum splendens. And the vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) and greenness rate of change(GRC) showed that vegetation was slightly improved during the study period. Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was positively correlated with annual mean precipitation, relative humidity and annual mean temperature, indicating that these climate factors might play important roles in the improved vegetation. Vegetation coverage and plant diversity around the coal mining area were reduced by coal mining, while the implementation of ecological restoration projects improved the vegetation coverage and plant diversity. Our results suggested that vegetation in the arid desert region was mainly affected by climate factors, and the implementation of ecological restoration projects could mitigate the impacts of coal mining on vegetation and ecological environment.     

Response of plant physiological parameters to soil water availability during prolonged drought is affected by soil texture

Soil water deficit is increasingly threatening the sustainable vegetation restoration and ecological construction on the Loess Plateau of China due to the climate warming and human activities. To determine the response thresholds of Amygdalus pedunculata (AP) and Salix psammophila (SP) to soil water availability under different textural soils, we measured the changes in net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), leaf water potential (ψ_w), water use efficiency (WUE) and daily transpiration rate (T_d) of the two plant species during soil water content (SWC) decreased from 100% field capacity (FC) to 20% FC in the sandy and loamy soils on the Loess Plateau in the growing season from June to August in 2018. Results showed that P_n, G_s, WUE and T_d of AP and SP remained relatively constant at the beginning of soil water deficit but decreased rapidly as plant available soil water content (PASWC) fell below the threshold values in both the sandy and loamy soils. The PASWC thresholds corresponding to P_n, G_s and C_i of AP in the loamy soil (0.61, 0.62 and 0.70, respectively) were lower than those in the sandy soil (0.70, 0.63 and 0.75, respectively), whereas the PASWC thresholds corresponding to P_n, G_s and C_i of SP in the loamy soil (0.63, 0.68 and 0.78, respectively) were higher than those in the sandy soil (0.58, 0.62 and 0.66, respectively). In addition, the PASWC thresholds in relation to T_d and WUE of AP (0.60 and 0.58, respectively) and SP (0.62 and 0.60, respectively) in the loamy soil were higher than the corresponding PASWC thresholds of AP (0.58 and 0.52, respectively) and SP (0.55 and 0.56, respectively) in the sandy soil. Furthermore, the PASWC thresholds for the instantaneous gas exchange parameters (e.g., P_n and G_s) at the transient scale were higher than the thresholds for the parameters (e.g., T_d) at the daily scale. Our study demonstrates that different plant species and/or different physiological parameters exhibit different thresholds of PASWC and that the thresholds are affected by soil texture. The result can provide guidance for the rational allocation and sustainable management of reforestation species under different soil conditions in the loess regions.     

水稻不同叶位层物理结构与冠层反射光谱的定量研究

 研究了不同土壤水分、施氮条件下水稻冠层反射光谱与冠层生长特征（叶面积指数、叶片干质量和鲜质量）的量化关系。结果表明，不同层次叶面积指数、叶片鲜质量和叶片干质量与冠层光谱的相关性大小均为：L12345>L1234>L123>L12>L1，而顶部5张叶片的面积和生物量（干、鲜质量）对冠层特征反射光谱的贡献大小顺序为：L2>L1>L3>L4>L5，顶部2张叶片对冠层光谱作用最大。发现比值指数R(760,710) 与水稻叶面积指数呈极显著线性相关；而比值指数R(1650,1100) 与水稻地上部鲜质量和干质量均呈极显著幂函数相关关系。因此，比值指数R(760,710) 和R(1650,1100) 可分别用来定量反演水稻叶面积信息和地上部生物量信息。