2001−2016年祁连山地区植被覆盖度对干旱的响应

祁连山地区位于西北干旱半干旱地区,气候干燥,降水量少,区域内部生态环境脆弱。全球气候变暖及经济发展,对区域生态环境造成了重大影响。本研究通过研究植被覆盖度(fractional vegetation cover,FVC)时空分布特征和变化趋势以及对干旱的响应,为生态环境改善和减轻干旱影响提供依据。本研究基于MOD13Q1遥感数据以及气象数据,采用像元二分模型、Thornthwaite方法、趋势分析法、Hurst指数和相关分析法,计算得到2001?2016年祁连山地区FVC和表示干旱的标准化降水蒸散发指数(standardized precipitation evaportranspiration index,SPEI),分析FVC和SPEI时空分布特征和动态变化趋势,以及二者之间的相关关系。研究表明:1)2001?2016年祁连山地区FVC整体呈增长趋势,2001年FVC最低,2011年FVC最大,季节变化明显,夏季FVC最高;空间上,祁连山地区FVC整体呈东南高西北低的分布特征,年均值为0.4522,区域差异明显,绝大部分区域FVC呈增加趋势;2)近16年,祁连山地区FVC改善的区域占77.13%,退化的区域占22.87%;FVC未来变化趋势负向特征强于正向特征,持续改善的面积为28.10%,由改善到退化的面积最大为49.23%,需要加大力度对这些区域进行关注和保护;3)祁连山地区绝大多数地区处于湿润状态,中段和东段部分地区处于轻度干旱;不同时间尺度上,年际SPEI均呈现干旱化加强趋势,总体上2001?2016年祁连山地区干旱化程度呈降低趋势,气候向好的方向发展;4)年尺度上祁连山地区SPEI与FVC呈正相关关系,季节尺度上夏季FVC对SPEI干旱程度响应最明显,春季和秋季次之,说明FVC与SPEI间相关显著性越高,响应也就越明显。     

高寒草地生长季/非生长季植被盖度遥感反演

植被盖度是刻画陆地生态系统植被覆盖的重要生态参量。以当雄县Landsat-8OLI为数据源,从10种常用植被指数中筛选出适合反演高寒草地生长季/非生长季草地植被盖度的植被指数,引入像元三分法确定端元特征值,通过不同植被指数基于像元二分模型反演植被盖度的对比分析,确定适合生长季/非生长季植被盖度最优植被指数,根据反演结果分析了研究区草地生长季/非生长季植被盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明：1）由可见光-近红外波段构建的植被指数适用生长季植被盖度反演,由短波红外构建的植被指数适用于非生长季植被盖度反演。2）基于MSACRI的像元二分模型适合非生长季植被盖度反演,基于NDVI的像元二分模型则最适用于生长季植被盖度的反演。3）研究区草地植被盖度随海拔增加呈现先增加后减少的单峰变化格局,草地集中分布于海拔4300~5100 m处。生长季植被盖度主要集中于20%~80%,非生长季绝大部分的草地盖度小于40%。研究结果可为草地生态系统碳存储、植被生产力、土壤侵蚀、生态水文等研究提供参考依据。     

怀孕期高原鼢鼠生物学特征与环境因子的关系分析

选择甘肃天祝县高原鼢鼠(Mospalax baileyi)2个地理位置不同的栖息地为研究区,以高原鼢鼠体重、胎数、妊娠率和种群密度作为其生物学特征指标,以2011~2013年归一化植被指数(NDVI)、年均降水量和年均温度为环境因子,分析二者的相关关系。结果表明:2个研究区域NDVI存在显著性差异(P0.05);除了2011年和2013年雌性体重存在差异外,2个区域高原鼢鼠体重、妊娠率、平均胎数和种群密度均无显著性差异(P0.05);雌雄个体重和平均胎数与NDVI呈负相关关系,妊娠率和种群密度与NDVI呈正相关关系;雄性个体重、胎数和种群密度与年均温呈负相关关系,雌性个体重和妊娠率与年均温呈正相关关系;雄性个体重、妊娠率、胎数和种群密度与年均降水量呈正相关关系,雌性个体重与年均降水量呈负相关关系,但高原鼢鼠各生物学指标与环境因子相关性均不显著(P0.05)。说明,高原鼢鼠体重、妊娠率、胎数和种群密度的变化与栖息地环境因子没有直接关系,生物学特征受环境因子的影响较小。     

Effects of smoke,ash and heat shock on seed germination of seven species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran

Fire products have been widely identified as germination cues for a number of species from both fire-prone and fire-free ecosystems. However, there is uncertainty about the effects of fire products on seed germination of semi-arid rangeland species. We examined the germination of seven dominant species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran under various heat shock (60, 80 and 120 °C), aerosol smoke, ash and control treatments. Our findings showed that fire products could enhance, inhibit or not affect the seed germination of rangeland species in this area. The germination percentage of Astragalus adscendens increased following 60 °C heat treatment in comparison with the control. The germination of Astragalus verus, Bromus tectorum, B. tomentellus and Phlomis olivieri were increased significantly using smoke treatment (P<0.0001). The seed germination of B. tomentellus and B. tectorum was promoted by ash treatment, whereas the other species exhibited no response or were inhibited by fire products. In addition, smoke treatment shortened the overall germination time of B. tectorum. These findings suggest that fire products affect the germination of several species and can serve as potential tools for understanding the vegetation dynamics and restoration of disturbed semi-arid rangelands.     

海绵体式复合植被毯及屋顶绿化技术

屋顶绿化是改善城市生态环境的重要途径,具有良好的生态和社会效益,但对建设投资方来说一次性投入增加较大,推广难度较大。为此,该文从海绵体式复合植被毯工艺与屋面施工流程等方面进行系统的介绍,突破传统的植被毯屋顶绿化形式,形成了一套造价低、维护简易,又有良好生态效益的海绵体式复合植被毯屋顶绿化形式。     

管理措施对三江源区"黑土滩"土壤肥力及土壤酶活性的影响

对三江源区典型退化草地“黑土滩”采取施肥及种植垂穗披碱草的恢复措施,结果表明,土壤中的全氮与有机质的相关性显著,全磷与有机质的相关性较明显,变化趋势相一致。短期的恢复措施造成了恢复样地20~30 cm土壤层中有机质、全氮和全磷含量的下降,长期的恢复措施使恢复样地中的这3种营养物质的含量得到了上升;人工种植措施使土壤中的全钾含量显著下降(P<0.05)。此外,速效养分的变化不一致,其中速效氮的含量表现为先降低后升高,速效磷和速效钾的含量变化表现出升高趋势。植被恢复对土壤脲酶活性有促进作用,但蔗糖酶活性没表现出规律性变化;这2种酶的活性与速效养分的含量表现出较强的正相关,而与有机质和全价养分的含量相关性不显著。     

Metal contamination from open-cast copper and sulphur mining in southeast Ireland

The metal content was determined in soil and vegetation around the eastern zone of the disused sulphur and copper mines at Avoca (southeast Ireland). A 250 m × 250 m grid survey was conducted covering a total area of 4 km². The mining belt was in the centre of the investigated site and was sampled separately. Iron, Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations in soil and plant material were determined, in addition to soil organic matter content and soil pH. Soil samples taken from the spoil showed elevated Cu and Cd concentrations, and low soil pH and organic matter content. At least 50 per cent of the agricultural sites examined around the East Avoca Mine showed elevated soil Cu and Cd concentrations, whereas Zn and Fe soil concentrations were within the range for unpolluted soils. None of the vegetation analysed had elevated Zn, Cd, Fe or Cu concentrations. Overall there was no indication of serious metal contamination in either soils or vegetation surrounding the mine in spite of extensive dust deposition during open-pit mining activity 15–30 years ago. However, a plume of elevated Cu in the soil was identified, which originated from a large spoil heap and had been spread for some 2·0 km by the prevailing wind.     

印榕仙人掌的资源价值及开发利用

概述了印榕仙人掌的食用与药用价值,并对印榕仙人掌植被恢复功能和饲料用途进行了介绍。针对我国仙人掌发展的现状,重点论述了印榕仙人掌在胭脂虫培育利用方面的重要性。并从印榕仙人掌的保健功能、胭脂虫培育以及植被恢复重建开发利用等方面提出建议。     

基于地表高光谱与OLI影像的土壤含盐量和pH值估测

针对宁夏银北地区大面积土壤盐碱化监测的需要,利用实测植被冠层光谱与Landsat 8 OLI影像相结合进行土壤含盐量和pH值估测研究.对实测植被冠层高光谱与影像多光谱反射率进行倒数、对数、三角函数及其一阶微分等一系列变换,确定最佳光谱变换形式,筛选敏感植被指数和敏感波段,分别建立基于实测植被光谱与Landsat 8 O...