江西铜鼓县公益林效益计量评价

通过等效益转换和货币置换,将森林多种效益币值化。计算出铜鼓县公益林总效益为58 150.17万元(1999年现价)。其中,生态效益、社会效益、有形产品三者的经济价值分别为30 840.11万元、20 401.28万元、6 908.78万元。除掉生态效益中净化大气这一潜在价值,得出三者经济价值比为1.83∶1∶。     

广西5种人工林地土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性分析

为当地珍贵速生树种人工林的发展及合理利用提供理论依据。分析广西5种珍贵树种人工林土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性差异,以相同立地条件下12年生的黑木相思(Acacia melanoxylon)、老排(Mytilaria laosensis)、红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)、黧蒴椎(Castanopsis fissa)和火力楠(Michelia macelurei)人工纯林为研究对象,采用稀释平板涂布法和土壤酶活性测定法,测定和分析该5种人工林地土壤微生物数量及酶活性。结果表明:5种林地的土壤微生物总数和细菌数量大小均为:火力楠黧蒴锥红椎黑木相思米老排。但5种林地的土壤酶活性大小不一,蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶活性在5种林地之间的差异极其显著,而过氧化氢酶活性不显著。5种林地中土壤酶活性相对较强的是米老排人工林,较弱的是黑木相思林和火力楠林。土壤酶活性与微生物数量的相关分析表明,土壤中蔗糖酶活性与放线菌数量呈极显著正相关关系,其余相关性没有达到显著水平。     

速生丰产林培育目标和主伐年龄研究

林木培育目标应根据林分立地条件类型、林分生长类型等级、森林经营集约度和社会材种需求综合确定。通过林木定向培育提早主伐年龄以获得较高目的材种产量。对大径材培育主伐年龄应先与工艺成熟龄比较后确定。良种化林木培育是森林经营水平的重要标志，与Ⅰ类林分相比仍提早主伐年龄，增加材种产量１倍左右。应具体分析目前速生丰产林生长状况，林龄面积分布等，调整林木培育目标和主伐年龄，以保证森林资源的永续利用。     

甘肃省退耕还林还草区划刍议

根据气候资源、土地状况、草地类型的不同,将降水和积温同海拔结合,并与相关的行政区划相统一,整体上将甘肃省的绿化区域划分为干旱荒漠区、高寒草原区、灌溉农业区、黄土高原区、青藏高寒区、半湿润区和亚热带湿润区7个区域,并进行了详细地分区论述,为甘肃省退耕还林还草和生态建设提供科学依据.     

竹林康养研究现状及发展趋势

本文基于竹林康养研究兴起的产业与政策背景,提出竹林康养资源由环境资源、景观资源和文化资源共同构成,并从竹林环境康养因子分布特征、竹林环境人体康养功效2个方面介绍了竹林康养的研究现状。认为随着竹林生态环境、竹林景观感知、竹林养生活动的康养功效循证研究不断深入,以及竹林康养基地、竹林小镇、竹林人家、竹林风景线评选标准以及规划设计与建设导则的制定,将有助于我国竹林经营的供给侧结构性改革和乡村振兴战略的实施。     

建德市公益林生态系统服务价值评价

对公益林生态系统服务功能和价值评估进行研究,为建德市公益林保护、规划和管理提供科学指导和理论依据。本文依据《生态系统服务功能评估规范》,结合涵养水源、保育土壤等8项指标,评价建德市公益林生态系统服务价值。结果表明,建德市公益林生态系统服务总价值81.64亿元,其中涵养水源效益25.22亿元,固土保肥效益4.43亿元,固碳释氧效益12.53亿元,积累营养效益0.48亿元,森林游憩效益22.19亿元,净化大气效益3.21亿元,生物多样性保护效益12.13亿元,森林防护效益1.45亿元。公益林生态系统服务价值远高于其直接利用价值,表明应继续实施生态补偿政策,努力提高生态补偿标准。     

Comparison of image and rapid field assessments of riparian zone condition in Australian tropical savannas

Suitable methods for measuring and monitoring the condition of riparian environments are being investigated by government agencies responsible for maintaining these environments in Australia. The objective of this work was to compare two riparian condition assessment approaches, the Tropical Rapid Appraisal of Riparian Condition (TRARC) method developed for rapid on-ground assessment of the environmental condition of savanna riparian zones and an image based riparian condition monitoring scheme. Measurements derived from these two approaches were compared and correlated. The sample representativeness of the TRARC method was evaluated and the cost-effectiveness and suitability for multi-temporal analysis of the two approaches were assessed. Two high spatial resolution multi-spectral QuickBird satellite images captured in 2004 and 2005 and coincident field data covering sections of the Daly River in the Northern Territory, Australia were used in this work. Both field and image data were processed to map indicators of riparian zone condition including percentage canopy cover, organic litter on the ground, canopy continuity, tree clearing, bank stability, and flood damage. Spectral vegetation indices, image segmentation, and supervised classification were used to produce riparian health indicator maps. QuickBird image data were used to examine if the spatial distribution of TRARC transects provided a representative sample of ground based estimates of riparian health indicators. Covering approximately 3% of the study area, the sample mean of the TRARC estimates of individual indicators of riparian zone condition were in most cases within 20% of the global mean derived from the whole imaged riparian area. The cost-effectiveness of the image based approach was compared to that of the ground based TRARC method. Results showed that the TRARC method was more cost-effective at spatial scales from 1 km to 200 km of river in relatively homogeneous riparian zones along rivers with only one channel, while image based assessment becomes more feasible at regional scales (200–2000 km of river). A change detection analysis demonstrated that image data can provide detailed information on gradual change, while the TRARC method is less suited for multi-temporal analysis due to the ranked data format, which inhibits precise detection of change. However, results from both methods were considered to complement each other for single date assessment of riparian zones if used at appropriate spatial scales.     

Comparison of temporal and spatial changes in three major tropical forests based on MODIS data

Numerous studies have shown that intact tropical forests account for half of the total terrestrial sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide.Here,we analyzed and compared changes in three main tropical forest regions from 2000 to 2014,based on time-series analysis and landscape metrics derived from moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer data.We examined spatialpattern changes in percentage of tree cover and net primary production(NPP)for three tropical forest regions—Amazon basin,Congo basin,and Southeast Asia.The results show that:the Amazon basin region had the largest tropical forest area and total NPP and a better continuity of TC distribution;the Southeast Asia region exhibited a sharp decrease in NPP and had comparatively separate spatial patterns of both TC and NPP;and the Congo basin region exhibited a dramatic increase in NPP and had better aggregation of forest NPP distribution.Results also show that aggregative patterns likely correlate with high NPP values.     

热带森林与次生林经营研究

文章综述了世界热带地区的森林资源分布、基本类型、主要特征,以及世界次生林的经营现状和主要经营方式。这些经营方式包括建立自然保护区、生态公益林经营、"采掘主义"、限制采伐和伐后更新、"砍三留七"法、"扶持"式育林法、"抑制"式育林法、整体培育法、专门培育法、带状皆伐法、开发欠知名树种、自然更新和封山育林。同时提出了森林分类经营,即按照经营的主要目的将其划分为商品林、公益林和多功能林等基本类型的方法。此外,分析了热带次生林存在的问题,并提出解决这些问题的措施。     

博尔塔拉河下游河岸带不同植被覆盖下土壤养分特征

[目的]为土壤退化的修复、防沙抗沙提供科学参考。[方法]以艾比湖流域的博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤为研究对象,对不同植被类型覆盖条件下土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾养分指标进行分析,找出不同植被类型覆盖下土壤养分分布规律。[结果]在地表不同植被覆盖条件下,土壤中的有机质、全氮含量显示出表层(0～10 cm)20 cm40 cm60 cm80 cm的规律;全磷、全钾含量上下层含量变化较小;研究区土壤养分总体偏低,土壤贫瘠。不同植被类型在从草本向灌木演替的过程中,土壤养分含量(全磷除外)显示出灌丛灌丛及草本草本的规律。通过土壤养分指标相关性分析得出,在40 cm以上土层,土壤间相关性规律较明显,其中土壤有机质含量与土壤全氮含量之间呈显著相关性;在40～80 cm土壤层,各养分指标的相关性较差,规律不显著。[结论]该区域养分含量整体偏低;土壤中的全氮与有机质含量具有显著相关关系,两者在不同植被下均呈现灌木丛群落灌木及草本群落草本群落的规律。由于全钾、全磷含量主要受土壤母质的影响,该区域土壤母质由河水沉积物构成,径流携带作用使其上下均匀,没有明显的变化规律。