从森林绿色核算看我国林业政策的优化

为了更好地为林业管理决策服务和为政策制定提供依据,该文在对国内外绿色核算研究综述的基础上,论述了绿色核算的概念,探讨了森林绿色核算的政策应用. 文章通过对我国2000、2004年的森林绿色核算研究结果的认真分析指出:2000—2004年,我国森林eaGDP(经环境调整的GDP)增加了0.11%,反映出林业对国民经济的贡献是不断增加的; 在我国森林环境服务、社会效益中,土壤保育、森林防护效益最大,固碳供养、水源涵养效益次之,森林游憩效益最小. 因此,在森林间接效益利用中,受益最大的是农业、水利、电力等部门,受益最小的是林业部门本身. 该文还对我国的森林绿色核算结果进行了政策优化分析,提出了加强政府对森林资源保护的直接管制和补偿,提供资助,加强森林资源保护的地方标准、法律的制定,促进林业人力资本的发展,明确产权等建议,以促进实现社会经济发展与森林资源增长的目标.      

Post‐fire forestry management and nutrient losses in eucalyptus and pine plantations,Northern Portugal

The impact of different logging techniques on nutrient losses in burnt eucalyptus and pine forests in northern Portugal was investigated. A variety of logging techniques is used in the region resulting in varying amounts of slash debris on the slopes. The efficacy of this litter in reducing soil erosion is well established but less is known about the impact on nutrient losses. Small bounded plots were used to examine the impact of varying amounts of slash debris and pine‐needle cover on nutrient losses in overland flow and adsorbed to eroded sediment over 19 months during the first two–three years after fire. Nutrient losses in solution and adsorbed to eroded sediment were substantially higher on burnt terrain due to increased erosion and overland flow generation and high nutrient concentrations at the soil surface in the burned forests. Post‐fire logging techniques in eucalyptus forests resulting in large amounts of litter debris on the slopes are effective at reducing eroded sediment nutrient losses but less effective at reducing losses in solution. In pine forests, litter is largely ineffective in reducing solute and sediment nutrient losses. However, a covering of pine needles was shown to be highly effective in reducing eroded sediment nutrient losses and to a lesser extent solute losses. Conservational methods of logging are suggested for both eucalyptus and pine forests in the region. In the absence of such measures, the sustainability of short‐rotation eucalyptus forestry is questioned in northern Portugal. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biodiversity management approaches for stream–riparian areas: Perspectives for Pacific Northwest headwater forests,microclimates, and amphibians

Stream–riparian areas represent a nexus of biodiversity, with disproportionate numbers of species tied to and interacting within this key habitat. New research in Pacific Northwest headwater forests, especially the characterization of microclimates and amphibian distributions, is expanding our perspective of riparian zones, and suggests the need for alternative designs to manage stream–riparian zones and their adjacent uplands. High biodiversity in riparian areas can be attributed to cool moist conditions, high productivity and complex habitat. All 47 northwestern amphibian species have stream–riparian associations, with a third being obligate forms to general stream–riparian areas, and a quarter with life histories reliant on headwater landscapes in particular. Recent recognition that stream-breeding amphibians can disperse hundreds of meters into uplands implies that connectivity among neighboring drainages may be important to their population structures and dynamics. Microclimate studies substantiate a “stream effect” of cool moist conditions permeating upslope into warmer, drier forests. We review forest management approaches relative to headwater riparian areas in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, and we propose scenarios designed to retain all habitats used by amphibians with complex life histories. These include a mix of riparian and upslope management approaches to address the breeding, foraging, overwintering, and dispersal functions of these animals. We speculate that the stream microclimate effect can partly counterbalance edge effects imposed by upslope forest disturbances, hence appropriately sized and managed riparian buffers can protect suitable microclimates at streams and within riparian forests. We propose one approach that focuses habitat conservation in headwater areas – where present management allows extensive logging – on sensitive target species, such as tailed frogs and torrent salamanders that often occur patchily. Assuming both high patchiness and some concordance among the distribution of sensitive species, protecting areas with higher abundances of these animals could justify less protection of currently unoccupied or low-density habitats, where more intensive forest management for timber production could occur. Also, we outline an approach that protects juxtaposed headwater patches, retaining connectivity among sub-drainages using a 6th-field watershed spatial scale for assuring well-distributed protected areas across forested landscapes. However, research is needed to test this approach and to determine whether it is sufficient to buffer downstream water quality and habitat from impacts of headwater management. Offering too-sparse protection everywhere is likely insufficient to conserve headwater habitats and biodiversity, while our alternative targeted protection of selected headwaters does not bind the entire forest landscape into a biodiversity reserve.     

沿海沙质岸黑松防护林的生物量及生产力

对沿海沙质岸黑松防护林的生物量及生产力研究表明,黑松林分总生物量为95．09t／hm^2,乔木层总生物量为88．34t／hm^2。其各层次生物量为乔木层〉枯枝落叶层〉下木层〉草本层,乔木层各器官生物量为树干〉树根〉树枝〉树叶。在同一林分中,不同径阶林木生物量差异明显,且呈偏正态分布,表明该林分径阶生物量结构不合理,急需进行抚育间伐,要及时调整密度,提高群落的整体效应和稳定性。沙质岸黑松林分净生产力较高．表明黑松仍是滨海地区目前不可替代的优良防护林树种。     

小陇山辽东栎次生林的结构特征和物种多样性

运用混交度、角尺度、大小比数、林层数等林分空间结构参数,直径分布和物种多样性等非空间结构参数,对小陇山林区辽东栎天然林林分结构特征进行分析研究。结果表明:小陇山林区辽东栎天然林群落的灌木层和草本层物种丰富,多样性高;乔木层物种多样性指数明显低于灌木层和草本层;直径分布特征表现为典型的异龄林直径分布特征;林分天然更新良好,辽东栎实生苗占幼苗总数的46%;林分中林木个体分布角尺度均值为0.541,林木个体水平分布格局属团状分布;群落的树种隔离程度较高,平均混交度高达0.71,群落中77.4%以上的林木处于中度混交以上,处于强度混交的比例也接近于24%;林分中各树种以胸径作为比较指标的大小比数排序为:锐齿栎辽东栎漆树灯台树华山松青榨槭三桠乌药椴树秦岭白蜡梾木;在垂直结构方面,林分的平均林层数为2.45层,林层分化明显。依据辽东栎林分的天然更新和结构特征提出经营建议。     

Generalized height–diameter models—an application for major tree species in complex stands of interior British Columbia

Using permanent sample-plot data, selected tree height and diameter functions were evaluated for their predictive abilities for major tree species in complex (multiple age, size and species cohort) stands of interior British Columbia (BC), Canada. Two sets of models were evaluated. The first set included five models for estimating height as a function of individual tree diameter, the second set also included five models for estimating height as a function of individual tree diameter and other stand-level attributes. The inclusion of the BAL index (which simultaneously indicates the relative position of a tree and stand density) into the base height–diameter models increased the accuracy of prediction for all species. On average, by including stand level attributes, root mean square values were reduced by 30.0 cm. Based on the residual plots and fit statistics, these models can be recommended for estimating tree heights for major tree species in complex stands of interior BC. The model coefficients are documented for future use.     

小兴安岭针阔混交林择伐6a后林地土壤呼吸速率空间变异性

利用土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统LI-8100,测定了黑龙江省带岭林业局东方红林场不同采伐强度林地的土壤呼吸速率、土壤分室呼吸速率以及土壤表层下10 cm处的温度和湿度,进而研究了择伐作业后林地土壤呼吸速率空间变异性及影响因素.结果表明:伐后6 a,林地土壤呼吸空间变异性显著,但与采伐强度无显著相关性,影响样方间林...     

人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

[目的]探究人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,为后期野果林的恢复、保护提供理论依据。[方法]以西天山野果林为研究对象,采用典型样地法,选择32个20 m×20 m具代表性的样地布置样方。以乔木径级结构、高度级结构及各层次物种组成和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,对比研究轻度(距离核心景区2～3 km)、中度(距离核心景区1～2 km)、重度(距离核心景区0～1 km)3种人为干扰强度下群落结构和物种多样性的变化。[结果]①从群落结构来看,轻度和中度干扰条件下乔木个体多分布在中径级(20 cmDBH≤30 cm)和中高度级(5 m树高≤8 m);而重度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小径级(10 cmDBH≤15 cm)、中径级(20 cmDBH≤25 cm)和高高度级(8 m树高≤10 m),其群落结构与轻度和中度干扰下乔木层的群落结构明显不同。②在总面积为1.28 hm~2的32个样地中,共记录到93个植物物种,隶属于40科84属;物种数随着人为干扰强度增加呈递减趋势,轻度、中度和重度干扰下群落的物种数依次为93种、69种和51种。Shannon-Wiener指数H值、均匀度指数J值随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,优势度指数H’值随人为干扰强度的增加而增加。[结论]重度人为干扰会普遍降低野果林群落的物种多样性水平,造成群落结构不稳定,不利于植被恢复和物种多样性保护。     

江西短周期工业原料林造林区划与树种筛选

从植物地理学的视角针对江西各地不同区位、不同水热和地理条件分别提出短周期工业原料林的发展前景和布局.在科学区划的基础上,本着适地适树的原则,着重总结经多年试验筛选出的适宜作短周期工业原料林的造林树种10余个,就选用条件、生物学特性、经济价值及其栽培技术分别进行论述.     

Brazilian savanna re-establishment in a monoculture forest:diversity and environmental relations of native regenerating understory in Pinus caribaea Morelet. stands

In this paper we analyze and compare natural regeneration in shrub-tree community in three areas below Pinus caribaea stands and a natural area (cerrado sensu stricto). We also analyze the influence of...