昆虫神经肽Corazonin及其受体的研究进展

昆虫神经肽Corazonin是由11个氨基酸组成的结构非常保守的短肽,除在极大部分昆虫中是由前侧脑的神经元分泌外,也发现在少部分昆虫中是由腹部和食管下神经元分泌。Corazonin广泛存在于昆虫纲动物中,在不同昆虫中行使心率加速、体色改变、物质代谢增减、发育与生理节律调控、蜕皮延迟、吐丝减少等非常广泛的生理功能。介导Corazonin作用的Cora-zonin受体是典型的G蛋白偶联受体,定位在细胞膜上,在昆虫系统进化过程中具有一定的保守性。本文概述了昆虫Corazonin的发现、分泌、结构、生理功能及其受体的研究进展情况,归纳了研究中存在的争议,并在此基础上对其在广泛功能分化、对昆虫生存意义、胁迫环境下的生理与生化功能、受体结构功能与信号转导机制等方面的研究前景进行了展望。     

短穗竹出笋和幼竹高生长规律研究

[目的]研究短穗竹的出笋规律,为短穗竹的科学栽培、快速繁殖和保护提供理论依据。[方法]以2 d为1个笋期观察单元,对短穗竹出笋、成竹、退笋、基径、笋高等生物学特征进行调查,并对短穗竹幼笋高生长进行Logistic非线性回归拟合。[结果]短穗竹出笋历时24 d,以出笋比率P=10%为界限,将笋期划分为初期、盛期和末期。初期和盛期出笋数增加较快,历时较短,末期出笋数下降缓慢,持续时间较长。短穗竹盛期退笋最多,退笋原因主要是干枯和虫害。其幼竹高生长符合"慢—快—慢"的生长趋势,与Logistic的生长曲线模型高度拟合,拟合度为0.999。[结论]通过对短穗竹出笋和幼竹高生长阶段的调查,研究了短穗竹笋期的生长发育规律,为短穗竹的科学繁殖和合理经营提供了一定依据。     

Phenotypic Differences Between Natural and Selected Populations of Picea Abies. I. Frost Hardiness

The frost hardiness of non-juvenile Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] populations growing in northern Sweden (63°54' N) was monitored during 1996-1997. The investigated progenies originated from 12 natural populations and six seed orchards located between 58° N and 68° N in Sweden. Frost hardiness of needles was assessed by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence and electrolyte leakage after freezing. The loss of frost hardiness in 1-yr-old needles during spring occurred slightly earlier in populations originating north of 63°30' N than in those originating further south. Dehardening was slightly delayed in selected populations compared with natural populations of similar origin. The level of frost hardiness during autumn was higher in populations originating north of 63°30' N than in those originating south of this latitude, but there were no clear differences in frost hardiness between selected and natural populations of similar origin. The results are discussed in relation to climatic factors and inherent growth rhythms.     

Effect of tremata closures on the oxygen consumption rhythm of ezo abalone Haliotis discus hannai

Cultured adults of ezo abalone, Haliotis discus hannai (shell length, 89.3 ± 6.4 mm and flesh dry weight, 13.0 ± 1.6 g; n = 12) were exposed to different temperatures (10 and 25 °C) to determine whether respiration effects were induced by artificial closure of the second and third tremata (respiratory pores). A respirometer was used to determine the oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) as measures of metabolic activity. The closed tremata were the second and third of the four open tremata anterior to the head of the abalone. The OCRs of starved abalone were measured under constant conditions (CC: constant dark and constant temperature) during a 240-h period, consisting of 120 h before and 120 h after the closure of tremata. The endogenous rhythm of the OCRs in cultured ezo abalone exhibited a dominant circadian rhythm (unimodal rhythm) in the latter half of the experimental period and occasionally showed a weaker but similar circatidal rhythm (bimodal rhythm) in the first half of the experimental period regardless of temperature. The results from the present study indicate that the rhythmicity of the OCRs in starved abalone is not affected by closure of the second and third tremata. This study offers essential physiological information for utilizing tremata in developing a tagging technique in abalone.     

半散养条件下蒙古野驴春季昼间的行为及活动规律

利用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件取样法,于2007年4～5月在呼和浩特市大青山野生动物园对半散养蒙古野驴的昼间行为与活动规律进行了观察。结果表明:半散养状态下,春季蒙古野驴昼间行为的时间分配是摄食(58.45±3.51)%、站立(15.67±1.75)%、社会联系(5.79±2.47)%、运动(11.28±1.52)%、卧息(1.84±1.47)%、其他(6.93±0.55)%。春季,半散养蒙古野驴1d内摄食有3个高峰期(9:00~10:00、11:00~12:00、16:00~18:00),站立有2个高峰期(6:00~7:00、13:00~14:00),运动有2个高峰期(8:00~9:00、15:00~16:00),卧息有2个高峰期(7:00~8:00、13:00~14:00),社会联系有2个高峰期(6:00~7:00、12:00~15:00)。半散养状态下蒙古野驴的年龄因素与昼间行为的分配有一定程度的相关性。     

美国山核桃苗木生长规律及育苗技术的研究

随机抽取200株美国山核桃苗木进行定期调查,对其苗木物候及生长规律进行了初步研究,同时根据苗木生长规律和特点,总结出育苗技术。     

稻飞虱自然种群扑灯行为的初步观察

白背稻虱自然种群扑灯日照阈限为0.91x,其典型的扑灯活动是一个扑灯量呈型的节律性过程。这种扑灯节律是其种群离株起飞节律的一个局部反映。 33米和1.3米两个高度的对照灯诱试验表明,前者灯下稻飞虱诱集量通常大大高于后者灯下诱量。表明稻飞虱种群存在趋光延迟现象,即夜间离株后首先表现强烈的升空飞行习性,在经历一定时间和距离的飞行活动后趋光表现迅速增强。     

Phenotypic Differences Between Natural and Selected Populations of Picea Abies. II. Apical Mitotic Activity and Growth Related Parameters

Apical mitotic index (MI) and growth of non-juvenile Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] populations growing in northern Sweden (63°54' N) were monitored in 1996. Annual leader shoot lengths and shoot growth components for the period 1990-1997 were measured in 1997. In 1997 populations transferred more than approximately 3° in latitude were found to be shorter than local populations. MI levels were initially high in all populations in mid-April. In spring, populations originating north of 63°30' N showed higher MI levels, and started shoot growth earlier, than populations originating further south. In autumn, MI levels were higher in populations originating south of 63°30' N than in populations originating further north and higher in seed orchard populations than in natural populations of similar latitudinal origin. The number of stem-units (NSU) was correlated with tree height and leader shoot length. NSU and elongation of stem-units appeared to be primarily influenced by summer temperature. Prolonged MI activity in autumn did not result in high NSU but appeared to be associated with a higher risk of frost damage to buds. The results are discussed in relation to climatic factors, seed transfer, selection and inherent growth rhythms.     

圈养环境下黑帽悬猴行为时间分配和活动节律

2017年4月在南京红山森林动物园,采用瞬时扫描取样法观察5只黑帽悬猴(Cebus apella)的行为,分析不同性别、年龄组的日行为时间分配和活动节律。结果表明,圈养黑帽悬猴的主要行为活动为休息(52. 06±1. 03)%、移动(23. 22±0. 58)%、取食(14. 65±0. 69)%、理毛(4. 98±0. 35)%等。雄猴和雌猴的休息、玩耍、乞食和刻板行为所占时间比例差异显著。相比于成年黑帽悬猴,幼猴玩耍的时间更长(χ~2=13. 643,P <0. 05),乞食行为所占时间更多(χ~2=4. 057,P <0. 05)。雄猴取食时间先于雌猴和幼猴,在上午和下午投食后均优先取食。周末游客人数比平日显著增加,雌猴和幼猴乞食行为也显著增多,其波动节律具有一致性。针对圈养黑帽悬猴行为管理提出了一些丰容措施和游客管理建议。     

《声律发蒙》版本考辨

《声律发蒙》是兰茂《韵略易通》之外又一音韵学著述，常被误为仅是练习对对联的童蒙之作，研究者少，甚而作者、书名、内容被张冠李戴。对今所见《声律发蒙》的七个版本作考辨，认为只有清咸丰十年、光绪十九年务本堂刻本及民国务本堂铅印本之初集，以及《云南丛书》本、安顺至宝堂本之二集，才是兰茂的著述。《声律发蒙》也反映了《中原音韵》之后汉语语音的发展变化，其在汉语语音史上的地位应当肯定。