Nitrogen transformations in cold and frozen agricultural soils following organic amendments

Though microbial activity is known to occur in frozen soils, little is known about the fate of animal manure N applied in the fall to agricultural soils located in areas with prolonged winter periods. Our objective was to examine transformations of soil and pig slurry N at low temperatures. Loamy and clay soils were either unamended (Control), amended with ¹⁵NH₄-labeled pig slurry, or amended with the pig slurry and wheat straw. Soils were incubated at −6, −2, 2, 6, and 10 °C. The amounts of NH₄, NO₃ and microbial biomass N (MBN), and the presence of ¹⁵N in these pools were monitored. Total mineral N, NO₃ and ¹⁵NO₃ increased at temperature down to −2 °C in the loam soil and −6 °C in the clay soil, indicating that nitrification and mineralization proceeded in frozen soils. Nitrification and mineralization rates were 1.8-4.9 times higher in the clay than in the loamy soil, especially below freezing point (3.2-4.9), possibly because more unfrozen water remained in the clay than in the loamy soil. Slurry addition increased nitrification rates by 3-14 times at all temperatures, indicating that this process was N-limited even in frozen soils. Straw incorporation caused significant net N immobilization only at temperatures ≥2 °C in both soils; the rates were 1.4-3.4 higher in the loam than in the clay soil. Nevertheless, up to 30% of the applied ¹⁵N was present in MBN at all temperatures. These findings indicate that microbial N immobilization occurred in frozen soils, but was not strong enough to induce net immobilization below the freezing point, even in the presence of straw. The Q₁₀ values for estimated mineralization and nitrification rates were one to two orders-of-magnitude larger below 2 °C than above this temperature (13-208 versus 1.5-6.9, respectively), indicating that these processes are highly sensitive to a small increase in soil temperature around the freezing point of water. This study confirms that net mineralization and nitrification can occur at potentially significant rates in frozen agricultural soils, especially in the presence of organic amendments. In contrast, net N immobilization could be detected essentially above the freezing point. Our results imply that fall-applied N could be at risk of overwinter losses, particularly in fine-textured soils.     

不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。     

安徽省典型城市周边土壤-蔬菜中PAHs的污染特征

研究了安徽省合肥、芜湖和亳州市周边蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜中PAHs的含量及其污染特征。结果表明：安徽省典型蔬菜地土壤中15种PAHs（除萘外）的残留总量在58.2～437.8μg·kg-1之间,三环和四环PAHs占PAHs残留总量的70%以上。胡萝卜、菠菜和茄子体内15种PAHs的含量在23.4～209.1μg·kg-1之间,均值为120.7μg·kg-1,三环和四环PAHs占蔬菜中PAHs富集总量的92.8%～94.4%。不同蔬菜体内8种可疑性致癌PAHs的含量在11.5～17.4μg·kg-1之间,分别占蔬菜中PAHs残留总量的9.80%～13.8%,其中BaP含量在1.69～2.03μg·kg-1之间,低于国家对食品中污染物（BaP）的限量标准（5μg·kg-1）。不同类型PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数在0.10～9.20之间,极差达10倍以上,低分子量PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数要大于高分子量PAHs。不同PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数表现为胡萝卜〉菠菜〉茄子,其中芴在蔬菜体内的富集系数最高。     

西北地区耕地土壤真菌DNA提取方法比较

由于西北土壤理化性质的复杂性和真菌特殊性,所以从土壤中提取真菌基因组DNA就相对细菌更困难。在2种常用的土壤微生物基因组DNA提取方法与在传统提取方法的基础上,结合了一种专门适用于真菌的提取方法进行了比较,并且利用真菌28SrDNA通用引物U1/U2进行扩增。三种提取方法比较结果表明:SDS法提取的DNA纯度最低,传统CTAB-SDS的DNA产量最低,实验室的提取方法既可以提高DNA产量又可以保证DNA的片段完整性,并且本实验室的提取方法扩增效果最好,可广泛应用于西北地区土壤真菌的分子生物学研究。     

土壤颗粒分布体积分形维数与数量分形维数之间的关系

土壤的体积颗粒分布(PSD)可用于同时确定数量分形维数(DN)和体积分形维数(DV)。以往的试验和理论研究均未直接比较DV和DN的关系。为建立DV和DN的关系并分析其参数的敏感程度,在中国各地取了12种不同质地土壤,利用激光粒度仪进行了测定。提出了含3个参数Rupper(颗粒半径的上限),Ri(第i个半径)和Rlower(半径下限)的DV-DN理论关系,该关系可说明为什么DN可能大于3。在未调整的幂定律范围内(PLR),DV的幂定律半径为38.6～85.8μm,DN的幂定律半径为53.2～358μm,估算的DV值(2.18～2.69)比DN值(2.38～3.19)小。调整后的PLR比未调整的窄。在调整的PLRs范围内,估算的DV值变化范围为2.11～2.56,而DN变化范围为2.28～3.02。调整和未调整PLRs得出的DV和DN的差异说明,Rupper,Rlower,Ri和Rlower/Rupper均可能影响DV与DN关系,有必要进行参数的敏感性分析。进行敏感性分析可基于敏感系数(C)来鉴别DV-DN关系中各参数改变所引起的DV和DN相对变化,从而找出对该关系影响最大的参数。就不同情况下计算的C值而言,Rupper是影响DN值的最重要参数,小的Rupper值可能导致估算DN的准确度降低。PLR范围越大,DN的估算越准确。根据DV估算DN的相对误差的绝对值在12%范围内,说明得出的DV-DN理论关系是正确的。     

Hu Xin, Hong Baoning, Du Qiang, et al. Influence of water contents on shear strength of coal-bearing soil[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2009, 38(8): 2291－2294. (in Chinese with English abstract)[30]

土的抗剪强度是工程设计中重要的依据指标,同时也是土壤精准耕作,大型农业器具设计的一个基本参数。紫色水稻土长期处于淹水状态,为研究其抗剪强度的水敏感性特征,该文以重庆市合川区钱塘镇大柱村国土整治项目区内紫色水稻土为试样,采用调控含水率变化,通过三轴不固结不排水试验研究其抗剪强度的水敏感性特征,并为实际工程中处理紫色水稻土提出建议。结果表明：1）同一围压下,紫色水稻土的最大主应力差随着含水率的增加而减小;相同含水率下,随着围压的升高最大主应力差增加,但这种增加趋势随土壤含水率的增加而减小。2）当含水率处于界限含水率附近时,抗剪强度随含水率的增减变化较为缓慢;含水率大于某一值后紫色水稻土抗剪强度随含水率增加而减小。3）紫色水稻土的粘聚力随含水率的变化具有明显的峰值,呈先增大后减小的趋势。4）紫色水稻土内摩擦角与含水率之间具有明显的线性负相关性。该研究可为地区农业基础工程的设计到施工,以及工后更好地控制路基路堑的稳定性等提供参考。     

植烟土壤提取物质对烟株生长及根际土壤细菌多样性的影响

对盆栽烟草外源添加不同浓度植烟土壤提取物质(T1:40μg·mL-1;T2:120μg·mL-1;CK:蒸馏水对照),探讨植烟土壤提取物质对烟草生长及土壤细菌多样性的影响。结果表明,植烟土壤提取物处理使烟株生长受抑制,且随处理浓度的增加受抑制程度显著提高,具体表现为烟株变矮,叶面积变小,光合作用能力降低,且烟草的保护酶系统受到破坏,丙二醛含量随处理浓度加大而增加,T2处理的丙二醛含量是对照的3.44倍。对外源添加物质处理后烟草根际土壤微生物T-RFs分析发现,在对照检测到17个门24个纲,T1处理有14个门21个纲,T2有10个门17个纲;丰富度指数的变化也和门纲的变化一致,随着处理浓度的增加而显著降低。可见外源添加物质处理后,根际土壤细菌群落减少,多样性水平下降。对各处理的根际土壤微生物T-RFs变化与烟株生长变化进行相关性分析表明,在外源添加物质处理的土壤中存在较多的负相关T-RFs片段,且这些片段中较多为病原菌;而正相关的T-RFs片段主要存在于对照土壤中,其中有较多与土壤营养元素循环相关的微生物。本研究结果显示,在外源添加植烟土壤提取物质处理下,烟草的生长受抑制,烟草根际土壤的微生态受到破坏,且随浓度的提升而加重。因此,连作土壤中自毒物质的富集是造成烟草连作障碍的主要原因。关键词烟草连作障碍根际细菌自毒作用T-RFLP     

养分缺乏下外源有机酸对暗棕壤磷有效性及落叶松幼苗吸收积累磷的影响

用不同比例A1和B层暗棕壤混合(A1∶B=1∶2)制造土壤养分缺乏条件,栽植落叶松幼苗,通过模拟我国东北林区代表性森林凋落物淋洗液中有机酸的种类和数量,系统研究养分缺乏下,不同浓度外源有机酸对暗棕壤磷有效性和落叶松幼苗吸收、运输磷素养分的影响及机理,以探讨利用有机酸提高养分缺乏下落叶松幼苗抗土壤贫瘠能力的可行性及机制。结果表明,A1层与B层混合土壤速效磷含量降低,落叶松幼苗根系和叶片磷累积量和磷吸收效率降低,但磷利用效率增加。外源有机酸处理后,混合土壤的速效磷含量有不同程度提高,3种有机酸的作用强弱表现为琥珀酸>柠檬酸>草酸,一般以浓度5.0mmol/L和处理20d时提高效果最显著。有机酸不同程度提高了根系和叶片的磷累积量和磷吸收效率,但降低了磷利用效率。有机酸对磷累积量和磷吸收效率的提高程度因处理时间、有机酸浓度和种类而异:对于根系,20d和30d的结果高于10d,叶片则为10d和20d的结果高于30d,说明处理前期磷被吸收后向叶片的转移量较多,而后期则更多地在根中积累;3种有机酸大多在浓度为10.0mmol/L时提高幅度最大;不同有机酸的促进程度为琥珀酸>柠檬酸>草酸。因此,外源有机酸能通过提高落叶松幼苗对养分缺乏土壤中磷的吸收能力,促进磷的积累,进而提高苗木对养分缺乏土壤的耐性和适应能力。     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

土壤优先流运动的活动流场模型分形特征参数计算

活动流场模型分形特征参数控制着优先流的产生和发展,因此准确获得活动流场模型分形特征参数值对提高模型的模拟预测精度具有重要意义。该研究采用染色示踪方法,将优先流流场从流动背景中显示出来,通过数字图像分析和采样分析获得优先流流场和流场内土壤含水率的分布模式,根据活动流场模型本构方程拟合活动流场模型分形特征参数值;针对3种常见的入渗后染色区内土壤含水率分布模式,分别提供了相应的活动流场模型分形特征参数的计算方法。研究结果显示,1）由于入渗后土壤水重分布的影响,活动流场区域和染色区域在整个入渗深度范围并不完全重合,因此仅可选择活动流场与染色区域相重合深度范围内受土壤初始含水率影响较小的数据来拟合活动流场模型分形特征参数值;2）土壤质地对入渗后染色区内土壤含水率的分布模式有显著影响,细质地土壤中入渗后染色区土壤含水率沿入渗方向逐渐减小,粗质地土壤中入渗后染色区土壤含水率沿入渗方向先增大后减小。