陕北固沙林恢复过程中土壤碳氮组分库特征与固存效应

选取陕北毛乌素沙地从半固定沙地到恢复2354a的灌木和乔木固沙林地,采用密度分组法分析表层土壤轻、重组分碳氮含量、C/N的演变及累积速率、固定碳氮贡献率特征。结果表明:固沙林从恢复2354a,乔木和灌木林土壤轻组碳分别增加了14.040.6倍和8.819.2倍,显著高于对应重组碳3.27.7倍和3.58.1倍的增幅;对应轻组氮分别增加了14.540.9倍和11.829.1倍,也显著高于重组氮4.68.5倍和4.412.6倍的增幅,说明轻组碳氮相对重组碳氮对固沙林恢复更加敏感。土壤轻重组碳氮含量增加使得乔木和灌木林轻组碳密度增速分别达0.57mg·hm^-2·a^-1和0.26mg·hm^-2·a^-1,重组碳密度增速则仅为0.18mg·hm^-2·a^-1和0.20mg·hm^-2·a^-1;同时,轻组氮密度增速分别达0.03mg·hm^-2·a^-1和0.02mg·hm^-2·a^-1,重组氮密度增速则分别达0.02mg·hm^-2·a^-1和0.04mg·hm^-2·a^-1。按此碳氮组分增速,到固沙林恢复54a时,乔木林和灌木林土壤轻组碳可分别贡献75.9%和59.4%的全有机碳增量;土壤重组氮则可贡献44.6%和63.9%的全氮增量。另外,恢复54a两种林地土壤重组C/N分别比半固定沙地降低11.4%和38.5%。但轻组C/N在乔木林并无显著变化,在灌木林恢复2354a土壤轻组C/N降低了21.7%31.0%,显著改变了土壤碳库性质。表明陕北固沙林恢复土壤表现出显著的固定碳氮效应,并且乔木林有更好的固碳能力,灌木林则有较好的固氮效应。     

Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.     

樱桃番茄抗青枯病砧木新品种海茄砧1 号的选育

海茄砧1 号是以野生茄子自交系HZ09-5 为母本,以从越南引进的茄子品种自交系HZ10-2 为父本育成的高抗青枯 病樱桃番茄砧木品种。植株生长势较强,第1 雌花节位约为第7 节,花为紫色,果实卵圆形,青熟果淡绿紫色或淡绿色,果 萼绿色,果长7～9 cm,果宽4～6 cm,单果质量为50～60 g,种子千粒重为3.2 g 左右,种皮浅黄色,高抗青枯病。海茄砧 1 号与樱桃番茄的嫁接亲和性好,共生性强,嫁接苗成活率高。嫁接后的樱桃番茄果萼开展,果面有光泽,可明显改善果实 VC、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量等品质,提高产量。适宜华南地区樱桃番茄的嫁接栽培。     

黑龙江省农机合作社存在问题及发展对策

农机合作社是实现农业机械化、农业现代化的有效形式,是解决"三农问题"、粮食增产增收的最优途径。通过对基层农机合作社的实地调研以及对2014年黑龙江省现代农机专业合作社相关统计数据整理分析,在总结目前黑龙江省现代农机专业合作社面临具体问题的基础上,提出了黑龙江省现代农机专业合作社发展对策。研究结论可为黑龙江省农机合作组织的建设和发展提供具体指导,同时对全国农业合作组织健康发展具有参考意义。     

辽河河口湿地生态环境需水量研究

科学合理地确定辽河河口湿地的适宜与最小生态环境需水量是维持其生态系统健康的重要保障。利用3S技术提取辽河河口湿地覆被信息,将生态环境需水量的计算类型划分为消耗型和非消耗型,建立了适合辽河河口湿地的计算模型,并利用该模型计算了研究区2000、2005和2014年的生态环境需水量以及适宜生态环境需水量与不同降水频率条件下的最小生态环境需水量。结果表明,研究区适宜生态环境需水量为99 554.92×10~4m~3;多年平均降水条件下、75%降水频率下和95%降水频率下对应的最小生态环境需水量分别为20 220.13×10~4m~3、22 362.31×10~4m~3和24 314.98×10~4m~3。     

卧式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机甩刀的设计与优化

甩刀是卧式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机的重要工作部件,合理的结构和参数设计可改善整机的工作性能,减少机具振动,提高香蕉秸秆粉碎质量。通过应用Adams、Solidworks Simulation软件对刀辊进行模态仿真,对刀片的运动及受力进行理论分析,以确定刀片的最优的基本参数和排列方式。结果表明:刀片厚度为8mm、弯折角为1 3 0°时,刀片的变形量小,粉碎效果好;V字形排列方式能有效避免刀辊的共振,延长使用寿命。     

灌溉水平及灌溉间隔对大豆植株干物质积累的影响

采用桶栽方法,选用黑农48为试验材料,设计4个灌溉水平及4种干旱胁迫历时进行交叉试验,研究了灌溉水平及干旱胁迫历时对大豆干物质积累的影响。结果表明,花荚期大豆植株叶、茎、根和荚果更易受干旱胁迫历时影响,干旱胁迫历时越短越有利于植株生长,灌溉水平对植株的生长影响相对弱于干旱胁迫历时。植株各器官干质量的等高线图表明高灌溉水平、短干旱胁迫历时比低灌溉水平、长干旱胁迫历时有绝对优势,同时也表现出高灌溉水平、长干旱胁迫历时处理与低灌溉水平、短干旱胁迫历时处理之间具有相似性。