Amendment of Sugar Mill Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Biohydrological Properties and Yield of Vigna umguiculata L. Walp in Two Seasons

A field experiment was conducted to study the biohydrological properties of soil and yield of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp irrigated with five concentrations of sugar mill wastewater (SMW) during the Kharif and Zaid seasons. Among various concentrations of SMW, irrigation with 100% SMW significantly (P < 0.001) increased zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (C), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe) of the soil, while decreased total bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeast, and rhizobia of the soil in both the cultivated seasons. However, the values of these metals were below the recommended permissible limit except Cd. Enrichment factor (Ef) of various heavy metals for soil was in the order Ni > Cr > Cd > Zn > Cu after irrigation with SMW. The crop yield of V. unguiculata was found to be inversely proportional to concentrations of SMW, with the best results being obtained at 50% SMW concentrations after 90 days of irrigation in both the cultivated seasons.     

盐土改良肥对草甸盐土的改良效果和对甜菜经济效益的影响

[目的]研究甘肃省河西走廊盐土改良肥对草甸盐土改良效果和甜菜经济效益的影响,为该区甜菜产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。[方法]选择甘肃省酒泉市肃州区铧尖乡草甸盐土,采用田间试验方法开展研究。[结果]影响甜菜产量的原料依次是:盐土调控剂甜菜专用肥有机碳肥。盐土改良肥配方组合为:甜菜专用肥0.0586:盐土调控剂0.0623:有机碳肥0.8791。盐土改良肥施用量与草甸盐土孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质、速效氮磷钾、甜菜农艺性状、经济性状和产量之间呈显著的正相关关系,与容重、pH值、全盐含量之间呈显著的负相关关系。经回归统计分析,盐土改良肥经济效益最佳施用量为39.64t/hm2,甜菜块根理论产量为96.68t/hm2。施用盐土改良肥与传统的抗盐丰盐碱土改良剂和沃丰隆盐碱土改良剂比较,施肥利润分别增加414.48,946.10%元/hm2。[结论]施用盐土改良肥,可以改善草甸盐土理化性质,提高酶活性和甜菜产量。     

黄土高原南瓜高糖低硝酸盐施肥模式研究

采用N、P、K3因素最优设计,在陕北黄土高原进行了南瓜氮、磷、钾用量及其肥效反应模式田间试验,研究不同施肥量对南瓜硝态氮、可溶性糖两项营养品质的影响,旨在探讨南瓜品质高糖低硝酸盐的N、P、K肥效反应模式,提出优化的施肥方案。结果表明,N肥单因素对南瓜硝态氮和可溶性糖含量影响最大,K肥单因素对南瓜硝态氮和可溶性糖含量影响不显著,N与P交互作用对南瓜高糖低硝酸盐影响显著,K肥施用量一定时,氮肥与磷肥的施用量不易过大。根据南瓜N、P、K肥效反应模式,筛选出南瓜品质硝态氮含量在200mg·kg-1以下、可溶性糖含量在7%以上的较佳施肥量为施氮95～120 kg·hm-2,施磷40～70 kg·hm-2,施钾35～80 kg·hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.42∶0.37。     

A comparative study on chemical characteristics of tropical soils from volcanic material under forest and agriculture

Abstract

An investigation was conducted to compare differences in chemical characteristics of Costa Rica soils under continuous cultivation and under forest vegetation. Inceptisols from young volcanic material under forest, sugar cane, coffee and pasture, respectively, were sampled in the San Carlos region of Costa Rica, and analysed for pH, organic matter, N, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, Fe, Zn and Mn contents. Indications were obtained that continuous cropping for 1 to 22 years with sugar cane resulted in a decrease in Ca and Mg content and an increase in acid extractable Al concentrations, compared to amounts found in forest soils. In soils under coffee the only significant changes were a reduction in soil organic matter, N and Al contents. Exchangeable bases decreased slightly during the first two years, but in fields 15 years under coffee, the content of exchangeable bases was affected slightly, except for a relatively marked decrease in amounts of Mg. Conversion into pasture maintained soil fertility at a level comparable to that found in the forest soil ecosystem. It was concluded that differences in vegetational ecosystems caused soil chemical changes, but deforestation in the tropics did not necessarily result in rapid soil degradation processes. The magnitude of the data showed that the soil in the San Carlos region of Costa Rica had been cultivated for at least 10 to 20 years without producing evidence of excessive deterioration.     

Abiotic soil properties and the occurrence of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot in sugar beet

Since 1993, Rhizoctonia crown and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG 2–2 IIIB) has represented an increasing problem for sugar beet production in Germany. Up to now, the outbreak of the infection and the spread of the disease within a field cannot be predicted and effective countermeasures are not available. Although little is known about the living conditions of R. solani in soils, abiotic soil properties are likely to influence the disease occurrence. Investigations were carried out based on 60 pairwise comparisons, each consisting of a disease‐affected and an adjacent nonaffected patch on farmers' fields in 2002 and 2003. Soil samples from the top soil layer (0–30 cm) were collected before harvest, and eight of the most frequently mentioned soil properties potentially influencing Rhizoctonia crown and root rot infection were examined: bulk density, texture, carbonate carbon, potassium, phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and pH. The occurrence of the disease was significantly related to the soil C : N ratio, indicating the influence of soil organic matter on the disease occurrence. Examinations of soil thin sections showed that organic‐matter particles in the soil serve as a substrate for R. solani. All other soil physical and chemical properties examined did not differ between the disease‐affected and nonaffected patches and seem to be of minor importance.     

Effect of soil type on the time-course of changes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity in Tokachi District,Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract

To clarify the effect of soil type on changes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity since 1980 in Tokachi District (Hokkaido, Japan), we analyzed yield data from 121 settlements from 1980 to 2002 using maps of parent materials and surface organic matter contents in a geographical information system. The soil types were Brown Lowland soils, Andosols with an alluvial subsoil, Wet Andosols and Andosols. The sugar beet yields were highest in the Andosols and moderate in Andosols with an alluvial subsoil. Yields in Brown Lowland soils in the 1980s were similar to those in Andosols, but decreased below the yields in the Andosols by the 1990s. The yields in Wet Andosols were the lowest in the 1980s, but have been similar to those in Andosols with an alluvial subsoil since 1990. Thus, productivity appears to have varied over time in Brown Lowland soils and Wet Andosols. The correlation coefficients between yields and cumulative daily mean temperature from late April to mid-July since 1990 were highest in the Andosols (r = 0.67), lowest in the Brown Lowland soils (r = 0.50) and intermediate in the other soil types (r = 0.54–0.60). However, the magnitude of the correlation between the yield and the cumulative precipitation since 1990 was lowest in the Andosols (r = –0.22), highest in the Brown Lowland soils (r = –0.58) and intermediate in the other soil types (r = –0.44 to –0.45). These results suggest that the present soil water environment in the Andosols is superior to that in the other soil types.     

不同还原剂预处理精子对水牛ICSI介导转基因效果影响的初步研究

本研究探讨了还原剂β-巯基乙醇（β-ME）、二硫苏糖醇（DTT）及谷胱甘肽（GSH）预处理水牛精子对水牛ICSI介导转基因（ICSI-mediated gene transfer,ICSI-Tr）效果的影响。结果显示,β-ME、DTT和GSH预处理水牛精子对提高ICSI介导转基因的效果不显著（p〉0.05）,但GSH能显著提高2原核（PN）的形成率（p〈0.05）。     

Effect of Two Magnesium Fertilizers on Leaf Magnesium Concentration,Yield, and Quality of Potato and Sugar Beet

Twelve field experiments were conducted to study the impacts of calcined magnesite and Kieserite fertilizers on yield, quality and leaf concentrations of magnesium (Mg) in potatoes and sugar beet. The rate of Mg applied was 60 kg Mg ha^?1, and the experiments were realized in six locations for both crop species. There were clear increases in leaf Mg concentration and yield of both crops resulting from application of Mg fertilizers. Mean increase in leaf Mg concentration and crop yield for both species were more pronounced with Kieserite than with calcined magnesite. Sugar concentrations of sugar beet and dry matter yield of potatoes were, however, influenced only slightly by the Mg fertilizers. It seems that superiority of Kieserite to calcined magnesite is related to higher Mg solubility of Kieserite. Use of Mg fertilizers with higher solubility helps to avoid the risk of Mg deficiency and subsequent losses in yield and economic returns.     

不同浓度钠对甜菜生长及生理特性的影响

采用1/2 Hoagland 营养液室内培养试验,研究不同浓度Na+ 对甜菜幼苗生理生化指标和营养元素吸收的影响。结果表明,0.759 mmol/L Na+可提高甜菜幼苗体内Na+ 含量和幼苗高度,增加叶面积（除了9 mmol/L Na+）和干物质量,降低叶片水势,提高叶片的相对含水量、 GPX和CAT的活性,促进甜菜幼苗叶片的吸水及保水能力。3 mmol/L Na+对甜菜幼苗的生长促进作用最明显,可提高CAT、 GPX活性并维持较高的SOD活性,降低MDA含量和相对电导率,未明显降低甜菜体内N、 P和K含量,是甜菜幼苗生长的最佳Na+浓度。     

番茄叶片气孔导度及渗透调节物质对快速水分胁迫的响应

本研究采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液控制番茄的根际水势和利用光合仪控制叶面的空气湿度,监测叶片水势、气孔导度、渗透调节物质含量等指标的变化,揭示快速水分胁迫下番茄的应激性生理响应。结果显示,当Gs小于120 mmol.m 2.s 1时,水分胁迫处理番茄的叶片净光合速率(Pn)小于对照。空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)与番茄叶片Gs呈显著的负相关(R2≥0.892)。在同一空气湿度条件下,水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片Gs仅为对照的43%~51%。快速水分胁迫下番茄叶片的可溶性糖含量呈先增再降的波动,轻度和中度胁迫下可溶性糖含量比对照(0 min)分别增加61.4%~195.8%和56.0%~167.5%。可见,番茄叶片Gs为120 mmol.m 2.s 1是对Pn影响的一个重要阈值。气孔调节是适应快速干旱胁迫的重要应激性生理响应。可溶性糖对维持番茄叶片细胞膨压和适度气孔开度具有一定的渗透调节作用。