新型青贮添加剂对玉米青贮品质的影响

试验采用近红外光谱分析,评价了自主研发的新型复合青贮添加剂(主要成分为乳酸菌和纤维素酶)对玉米青贮品质的影响。样品来自宁夏、新疆和河南等12个牧场,分别采集新型复合青贮添加剂使用前后的玉米青贮样品各3份,共72份青贮样品。结果显示,在使用新型复合青贮添加剂的青贮样品中,乳酸含量比对照组提高了2%,pH值降低了1.5%,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著降低(P<0.05),粗蛋白质含量增加1.3%,干物质含量显著增加(P<0.05),产奶净能提高了5.2%。玉米青贮的标准品质从二级提升到了一级。研究结果表明,新型复合青贮添加剂对青贮中营养物质含量有提高作用。     

基于可见—近红外光谱的蚕茧含水率无损检测研究

以蚕茧含水率为研究对象,研究了基于可见—近红外光谱技术的蚕茧含水率无损检测方法.采用最小二乘支持向量机（least square-support vector machine,LS-SVM）建立可见—近红外光谱模型,采用连续投影算法（suc-cessive projections algorithm,SPA）选取光谱有效波长.结果表明,基于SPA方法进行变量选择,最终将原始光谱的601个光谱变量减少到了11个（487,501,616,718,771,782,789,826,966,977和991nm）.基于此11个变量建立的LS-SVM模型得到了预测集的确定系数（RP2）为0.8517,误差均方根（RMSEP）为0.0504的预测结果.表明可见—近红外光谱可以用于对蚕茧的含水率进行无损检测,同时SPA是一种有效的光谱变量选择方法.     

庆大霉素发酵液检测方法研究

在庆大霉素微生物发酵过程中,探索发酵液中庆大霉素效价的快速测定方法。在优化的发酵工艺条件下发酵生产庆大霉素,分别运用旋光法、紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对庆大霉素发酵液的效价进行测定。结果最佳发酵条件为:种瓶接种量2 cm2,种龄24 h,发酵瓶接种量12%,发酵周期5 d。优化后的庆大霉素发酵液效价相较于优化前提高70%左右。紫外分光光度法、HPLC法和旋光法测定的庆大霉素发酵液效价产生的误差均小于3%。三种检测方法均能运用在庆大霉素发酵液效价的快速检测中。旋光法操作简单但对标准品需求量大,紫外分光光度法耗时短但只能测定庆大霉素总体效价,HPLC法需要出峰时间。因此,在庆大霉素发酵液效价测定中需根据自己的需求选择最佳检测方法。     

Validation of the n-alkane and NIRS techniques to estimate intake, digestibility and diet composition in sheep fed mixed lucerne: ryegrass diets

An experiment was carried out with sixteen non-pregnant, non-lactating adult Rasa Aragonesa ewes fed different proportions of lucerne and ryegrass hays to validate the use of n-alkanes and NIRS methods to estimate diet composition, intake and digestibility. The effect of two different faecal sampling procedures (daily pool (S1) or rectal spot samples (S2)) was also tested. The faecal concentration of n-alkanes was affected by the sampling procedure, although differences were lower than 12%. Faecal recoveries were not affected by diet, except in the case of C₂₃ (P < 0.0001), C₂₈ (P = 0.0264) and C₃₃ (P = 0.0241), and followed a curvilinear pattern with alkane chain length. Recovery was complete in the case of C₂₉, C₃₁ and C₃₃, which countersigns the usefulness of these internal markers for digestibility and digestive flow studies (especially C₃₁, given its high concentration in most plants). The faecal recoveries of C₃₁ and C₃₂ were not similar, the assumption of identity affecting in an important way the reliability of intake estimates. The NIRS methodology appeared as a promising alternative for predicting diet composition (R² of the cross-validation = 0.98) and faecal concentration of most natural alkanes, although that was not the case for dosed alkanes. In all cases, the prediction equations obtained from the spectra of the faecal spot samples were better than those obtained from daily pool samples.     

Assessment of Animal-Based Methods Used for Estimating and Monitoring Rangeland Herbivore Diet Composition

Researchers and managers need effective tools for monitoring the use of forages by large herbivores. Since 2000, the number of herbivore diet studies has nearly doubled. In this review, we determine trends in the field; assess the utility of key techniques against five criteria (cost, accuracy and precision, resolution, utility for long-term monitoring programs, and appropriateness for browsers and grazers); and make recommendations to give managers appropriate tools. Three techniques stand out: microhistology, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding. Microhistology has a long history of use in rangelands and is often considered the gold standard for understanding diet composition, albeit at a high cost of labor. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy can resolve the presence of target groups or species more quickly than microhistology, especially for grazers. DNA barcoding provides the greatest resolution of dietary items with less quantitative certainty than microhistology. The costs associated with DNA barcoding come primarily from technology and sequencing, while in microhistology they are associated with labor. Therefore, an improved, streamlined microhistology method could provide rangeland managers a rapid and cost-effective method for diet monitoring. Ultimately, the complex challenges facing rangeland managers today may require the use of more than one method to achieve acceptable resolution within actionable time frames.     

蛋壳质量与元素组成、超微结构关系的研究

为探寻蛋壳质量与元素组成、超微结构的关系,分别用常规方法和X射线能谱仪测定了同日产65枚蛋的蛋壳质量、蛋壳结构属性与蛋壳元素相对含量,并用环境扫描电子显微镜观察蛋壳超微结构.结果表明,不同强度蛋壳元素相对含量差异不显著,而蛋壳乳突层有效厚度和乳突间隙组间差异显著,高强度组乳突层有效厚度和乳突间隙分别比中强组低23.01%(P<0.01)和14.94%(P<0.05)、比低强度组低73.43%(P<0.01)和25.06%(P<0.05).由此得出,蛋壳超微结构致密度直接影响蛋壳质量,而蛋壳元素组成与蛋壳质量间则无显著关联.     

氟甲喹的波谱学数据与结构确证

建立了一种仪器分析技术确证氟甲喹化学结构的方法。采用紫外光谱(UV)、红外光谱(IR)、质谱、一维(1H、13C、DEPT)和二维(HSQC、HMBC、1H–1H COSY)核磁共振谱、热重分析(TGA)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)以及X—射线粉末衍射(PXRD)对氟甲喹进行结构分析。讨论了紫外和红外吸收特征峰,详细归属了所有的1H-NMR和13C-NMR信号,并对热分析(TGA/DSC)结果进行了解析,确定了与晶型相关的不同衍射角的特征衍射峰。以上研究结果确证了氟甲喹的化学结构。     

猕猴桃品质光谱无损检测技术研究进展

光谱无损检测技术正越来越广泛地应用在水果内部品质检测中。该文从猕猴桃光谱特性差异及光谱无损检测技术影响因素对比分析等方面出发,对目前光谱分析技术在猕猴桃品质检测中应用的研究现状进行综述。分析了猕猴桃与其它水果光谱吸收特性和散射特性的差异以及不同温度、硬度、成熟度、部位及生长期管理措施对猕猴桃光谱特性的差异。对猕猴桃样品采集、光谱检测及数据处理等方面的不同方法进行了对比分析。指出采用500～2500 nm的可见光及近红外光谱对不同产地、不同生长环境和管理条件、不同储藏期、不同成熟度猕猴桃的果肉颜色、硬度、干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量、含糖量以及水果密度等内部品质进行检测是可行的。数据处理和定标模型建立方面的研究正在从传统多元回归和数值优化方法到包括人工神经网络技术、遗传算法、小波分析和自组织理论等先进数据分析技术的非线性模式识别方向发展。今后研究重点应进一步提高定标模型预测可靠性、通用性和实用性,建议今后对不同猕猴桃品种及不同仪器之间定标模型的通用性、猕猴桃在运动条件下的光谱检测技术等方面进行研究。     

基于广泛靶向脂质组学与近红外技术的高低油酸花生鉴评

[目的]探索一种能鉴定花生品种与评价品质的新型检测方法,筛选高油酸花生特异性脂质生物标志物.[方法]采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)技术,对2个油酸含量差异显著的花生品种,即高油酸品种开农1715(KN1715)和低油酸品种冀花7号(JH7H)进行农艺性状考察、近红外分析(Near infrared...     

近红外光谱法快速测定苎麻粗蛋白含量

[目的]探讨应用近红外光谱仪测定苎麻粗蛋白的可行性.[方法]以50个样品组成校正集,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立近红外光谱信息与粗蛋白含量的校正模型,用该模型对10个样品的粗蛋白进行预测.[结果]该模型的相关系数为0.98.苎麻粗蛋白含量的化学测定值与近红外光谱模型预测值之间存在较好的相关性,预测值与化学值之间的平均相对误差为3.54％.[结论]用近红外光谱分析建立苎麻粗蛋白预测模型并测定苎麻粗蛋白含量是可行的.