宜昌市古树名木资源调查及保护对策

为加强古树名木保护,推进生态文明建设,综合运用每木调查、查阅资料、线路调查、座谈走访等方法系统调查了宜昌市古树名木资源,简要分析了宜昌市古树名木的种类、分布、数量和生长状况,提出了进一步加强古树名木资源保护的对策和建议.     

Gaseous and leaching nitrogen losses from no-tillage and conventional tillage systems following surface application of cattle manure

Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent results on the impact of tillage systems on nitrogen (N) losses from field-applied manure. This study assessed the impact of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on gaseous N losses, N₂O:N₂O + N₂ ratios and NO₃⁻-N leaching following surface application of cattle manure. The study was undertaken during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons at two field sites in Nova Scotia namely, Streets Ridge (SR) in Cumberland County and the Bio-environmental Engineering Centre (BEEC) in Truro. Results showed that the NT system had higher (p < 0.05) NH₃ losses than CT. Over the two seasons, manure incorporation in CT reduced NH₃ losses on average by 86% at SR and 78% at BEEC relative to NT. At both sites and during both seasons, denitrification rates and N₂O fluxes in NT were generally higher than in CT plots, presumably due to higher soil water and organic matter content in NT. Over the two seasons, mean denitrification rates at SR were 239 and 119 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, while N₂O fluxes were 120 and 64 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively. At BEEC mean denitrification rates were 114 and 71 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, while N₂O fluxes were 52 and 27 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively. Conversely, N₂O:N₂O + N₂ ratios were lower in NT than CT suggesting more complete reduction of N₂O to N₂ under NT. When averaged across all soil depths, NO₃⁻-N was higher (p < 0.05) in CT than NT. Nitrate-N decreased with depth at both sites regardless of tillage. In most cases, NO₃⁻-N was higher under CT than NT at all soil depths. Similarly, flow-weighted average NO₃⁻-N concentrations in drainage water were generally higher under CT. This may be partly attributed to higher denitrification rates under NT. Therefore, NT may be a viable strategy to remove NO₃⁻-N from the soil, and thus, reduce NO₃⁻-N contamination of groundwater. However, it should be noted that while the use of NT reduces NO₃⁻-N leaching it may come with unintended environmental tradeoffs, including increased NH₃ and N₂O emissions.     

水磷耦合对小麦耗水特性和子粒产量的影响

在低磷地力、沙质壤土条件下,选用强筋小麦品种济麦20,设置全生育期不灌水(W0),灌底墒水+拔节水+开花水,每次灌水30 mm （W1）、60 mm（W2）、90 mm （W3） 4个灌溉处理;每个灌溉处理下设置不施磷(P0)、施P2O5105 kg/hm2（P1）、210 kg/hm2（P2）3个施磷量处理,研究了水磷耦合对麦田耗水特性、产量及水分利用率的影响。结果表明,1）在同一磷素水平下,随灌水量增加,小麦总耗水量增大,降水量和土壤供水量占耗水量的比例降低。综合考虑耗水量、产量、收获指数、水分利用率等指标,最优处理为P1W2处理,其次为P1W1处理,其总耗水量分别为435.5 mm、366.0 mm,灌水量、降水量和土壤供水量占耗水量的比例分别为41.3%、39.3%、19.3%和24.6%、46.8%、28.6%;开花至成熟阶段的耗水量占小麦全生育期耗水量的36.9%～43.3%,此阶段两处理的日耗水量、耗水模系数分别为4.6 mm、3.6 mm和42.3%、39.3%。2）施用磷肥,各处理的干物质积累量增加,子粒产量表现为W2、W3W1W0,W2、W3处理之间差异不显著;与不施磷肥的处理比较,显著提高了土壤供水量占总耗水量的比例。3）收获指数和水分利用率均为W1W2W3,P2水平下W1、W2、W3处理的收获指数和水分利用率均低于P1水平。以上结果表明,在本试验条件下,施磷（P2O5）105 kg/hm2(P1)、灌水180 mm(W2)的处理获得高产和较高的水分利用率;施磷（P2O5）105 kg/hm2（P1）、灌水90 mm（W1）的处理获得较高的产量,水分利用率显著高于上述处理,耗水量则显著低于上述处理,可供生产中水资源不足的情况下参考。     

黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价及改进策略研究

为在耕地休养生息背景下开展地下水休耕政策过程绩效评价,以黄淮海平原为研究对象,通过对黄淮海平原的2 个市、5 个县政府相关部门和农户实地调查,以公共价值理论为基础,构建地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价指标体系,并辅以层次分析法、专家打分法等方法对地下水严重超采区休耕政策过程绩效进行评估。结果表明:1)明晰了黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策公共价值体现并从公平性、参与性、效率性、可持续性等4 个维度构建休耕政策过程绩效评价指标体系;2)黄淮海平原地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评估总得分为74.38分,绩效等级处在“较好”的水平;3)休耕政策实施过程的关键环节包括休耕政策面积落实环节、资金管理和使用环节、政府组织环节、政策生态目标认识环节;休耕政策实施过程的薄弱环节,包括休耕政策面积落实环节、资金管理和使用环节、政府组织和论证环节。综上,本研究构建的地下水超采区休耕政策过程绩效评价体系具有系统性、科学性和可操作性,可为休耕政策实施过程定量评价提供了研究思路和支撑。     

贵州六盘水市镉污染耕地农艺调控措施研究

据调查,贵州六盘水市耕地土壤环境不容乐观,耕地土壤重金属Cd污染问题突出,切实提高农产品质量安全,受污染耕地安全利用越来越受到关注。本研究选取了典型Cd污染耕地,采用品种调整、原位钝化、微生物修复与叶面调控等4项农艺调控措施试验,通过对治理后土壤中Cd含量和玉米籽粒中Cd含量综合评价治理效果,筛选适宜六盘水市Cd污染耕地的治理技术模式。结果表明,4项措施均可使玉米籽粒中Cd含量不超标,耕地安全利用率均达标,其中降低土壤中镉含量,原位钝化效果最好,最大降幅约23.90%;降低玉米籽实中镉含量,叶面调控措施显著,最大降幅约40.00%。     

地理标志农产品“新乐西瓜”区域品牌建设现状及建议

探索和挖掘地理标志农产品的优势和价值,打造地方知名农产品品牌,是提高农产品市场竞争力的重要途径。“新乐西瓜”作为新乐市地理标志农产品,对其进行区域品牌建设,有助于把资源优势转化为品牌优势,提高当地瓜农收入。本文阐述了新乐市西瓜产业发展现状,总结了“新乐西瓜”地理标志品牌发展特点及存在的问题,并提出了建议,以期为提高“新乐西瓜”地理标志品牌的知名度和影响力提供参考。     

藏北高寒草地不同海拔土壤动物群落结构及多样性

【目的】了解念青唐古拉山南坡土壤动物群落结构随海拔的变化及其多样性指数的表现。【方法】于2021年6-9月,采用手捡法和干漏斗法,对念青唐古拉山南坡海拔4 500,4 600,4 700,4 800,4 900,5 000,5 100,5 200 m区域的草地土壤动物进行调查,分析土壤动物群落结构、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、丰富度指数及相似性指数Srensen和Cody。【结果】从研究区域共采集土壤动物2 061只,隶属5纲20目97科（群）。同一海拔区域在科级水平未出现优势类群,说明在科级水平上各海拔区域土壤动物的分布较为均匀;从目级水平看,优势类群为鞘翅目、弹尾目、双翅目、前气门亚目、中气门亚目,分别占总数的11.80%,24.07%,11.70%,19.55%和14.70%;常见类群为鳞翅目、蜘蛛目、甲螨亚目和石蜈蚣目,分别占总数的1.60%,1.75%,8.83%和1.75%,其余目均为稀有类群。土壤动物的Simpson多样性指数以海拔4 700,5 000和5 200 m区域较高,海拔4 500 m区域较低;Shannon wiener指数以海拔5 000 m区域最高,其次为海拔5 100和5 200 m区域;Pielou均匀度指数以海拔4 500 m区域最高,其次为海拔5 000和5 200 m区域;群落丰富度指数以海拔4 500 m区域最高,其次为海拔5 100 m区域;相似性指数Srensen以海拔4 700 m以下区域总体较低,海拔4 700 m以上区域较高;Cody指数以海拔4 700 m以下区域相对较高,海拔4 700 m以上区域逐渐降低。土壤动物类群数量与其个体数量的变化基本一致。【结论】在藏北高寒草地,海拔对土壤动物群落多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均有影响,放牧强度及不同季节的降水可能也有一定影响。     

不同树种对森林土壤可溶性有机碳空间异质性的影响

通过调查同一个森林生态系统不同样地中多个树种根际范围内土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳的含量,分析和探讨影响森林生态系统土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳空间异质性的环境因素。本项目在云南哀牢山亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶原生林生态系统中进行,选择3个山谷样地上游森林生态系统原生土区域中7个主要树种作为研究对象,调查0~10 cm表层土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳的含量。研究结果表明：硬壳柯、变色锥、木果柯、多花山矾和南洋木荷等5个乔木树种根际范围内土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳含量显著高于云南连蕊茶和云南越桔2个灌木树种根际范围内土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳含量;5个乔木树种中硬壳柯和南洋木荷2个树种根际范围内土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳含量明显大于另外3个乔木树种,说明不同树种对土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳的空间异质性有明显影响。7个不同树种根际范围内土壤可溶性有机碳含量、土壤有机碳含量和土壤可溶性有机碳含量占土壤有机碳含量的比例在老君山神山谷样地中达到最大值,在三棵树山谷样地中降低为最低值,说明不同山谷样地中的环境条件也可以显著影响土壤可溶性有机碳和有机碳含量及两者之间的比例。本项目研究结果充分证明森林生态系统土壤可溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳空间分布规律的复杂性和环境控制因子的多样性,可为全球各种类型森林生态系统土壤有机碳成分和碳贮量等方面的研究内容提供新的思路和方向。     

Preparation of liquid polyesterpolyols from glucose and its methyl derivative

Preparation of liquid polyols from d-(+)-glucose (Glc) and its derivative, methyl--d-glucoside (m-Glc), has been studied. Direct reaction of -caprolactone (CL) with Glc (CL:Glc = 2:1–5:1 in weight ratio) at 150°C using tin(II) 2-ethyl hexanoate (SnEht₂) (series A), in which melted Glc was suspended in CL, resulted in a dark-brown coloration of the reactants. The reaction was accompanied by formation of high molecular weight resins, a pH drop, production of water, and a considerable decrease in the hydroxyl value from the theoretically expected one. In the case of Glc/ethylene glycol (EG)/CL reaction system with SnEht₂ catalyst at 150°C (series B), in which the weight ratio of Glc to EG was fixed at 1:1, Glc dissolved in the EG/CL mixture, but the brown coloration of the reactant mixture still occurred. In this case, the formation of water was enhanced, but the other effects found in series A were suppressed to a considerable extent. In the m-Glc/CL/SnEht₂ reaction system (series C), in which m-Glc reacted with two to five times weight amounts of CL under the same conditions adopted in series A, development of the color, the production of high molecular weight materials and water, and the changes in pH and hydroxyl value were not observed. These results are discussed based on the chemical structural differences: Glc exists mostly in the hemiacetal form, but tautomerizes to the aldehyde, whereas m-Glc is an acetal and is protected from reversion to the aldehyde.     

日光温室大球盖菇—草菇轮作模式

为解决日光温室夏季闲置问题,实现周年化利用,从茬口安排、主辅料准备及处理,建畦、铺料、接种、覆盖,养菌管理,出菇管理和采收保鲜等方面介绍了日光温室大球盖菇—草菇轮作模式,1年内可生产1季大球盖菇、2季草菇,解决了夏季高温期日光温室闲置的问题,提高了日光温室的利用效率,产投比1.5:1,667 m²纯效益约3万元,已在北京、河北、山东等地推广应用。