石油烃污染土壤生物修复工程实例

针对江苏某原油管道泄露石油污染土壤开展了修复治理工程,修复土方量共计4902.5m3,工程采用异位生物修复对石油烃污染土壤进行了无害化处理,所用生物修复药剂为森诺公司自主研发的营养盐。工程结果表明:对于该项目初始浓度约为45000mg/kg的石油烃污染土壤,通过森诺自研发营养元素刺激土著菌的生长,在适宜条件下,土壤中的石油烃能够达到项目的修复目标值(≤4500mg/kg)。工程项目石油烃污染土壤生物降解最优条件为:药剂投加比为2%,pH值为中性7,含水率为35%,降解时间为90d;增加药剂投加量和降解时间能提高污染土壤中石油烃的去除率,在土壤含水率为20%～50%或pH值为6～8的范围内,过高或过低的土壤含水率和pH值会抑制生物对土壤中石油烃的微生物降解。     

天山新疆段及南北麓草地植被覆盖度时空变化特征研究

天山草地分布面积广阔,不仅是新疆畜牧业发展的主要支撑,也在维护生态安全方面具有重要贡献。为了解天山新疆段草地植被覆盖度的动态特征与变化趋势,以2001-2020年MODIS NDVI产品为主要数据源,采用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,运用转移矩阵和趋势分析法研究其变化特征,并利用地理探测器模型分析驱动因素。结果表明,研究区草地多年平均植被覆盖度在0.34～0.42波动,主要以中低、中植被覆盖度为主,各等级植被覆盖度大致呈西部高覆盖东部低覆盖的分布特征;从变化趋势来看,研究区草地植被覆盖度总体上有上升趋势,盆地周围覆盖度增加、中部山区其变化基本稳定,增加和基本稳定的区域面积占总面积的10.41%和89.16%;从地理探测器运行结果来看,单因子作用解释最大的是降水量,q为18%,当降水量与海拔交互作用时对研究区草地植被覆盖度的影响更为明显。研究结果可为天山草地生态安全保护与质量评估提供参考依据。     

土地整治项目水资源平衡分析探讨 ---以陕西定边县郑寨子村项目为例

水资源平衡分析是进行土地整治的前提和基础,只有摸清整治土地的水资源状况,才能因地制宜地对整治土地科学规划有效实施,确保经济、社会和生态效益最优与协调统一。以定边郑寨子村土地整治项目为例,通过计算项目区域地下水补给量、排泄量、地下水可开采量、需水资源、可供水资源,定量模拟分析了该区域水资源平衡状况,结果表明,项目具有可实施性。实证分析的水资源平衡计算方法,为区域水资源均衡分析评价提供了可推广的理论支持。     

环境智能调控系统对番茄产量和品质的影响

在基质栽培条件下研究了环境智能调控系统("小智")对番茄植株长势、产量及果实品质的影响。结果表明,应用智能环境集成调控设备进行环境管理,产量较普通温室提高11.4%;可溶性糖含量、可溶性固形物含量及糖酸比分别提升19.9%、28.1%和40.4%,可滴定酸降低13.8%。由此表明,环境智能调控系统对番茄产量和品质均有显著的提升效果,具有良好的应用前景。     

Alanine-substituted mutant on Gly~(373) and Asn~(375) of Cry1Ai-h-loop 2 causes reduction in both toxicity and binding against Helicoverpa armigera

Cry1Ai-h-loop 2 is a mutant of Cry1Ai constructed by exchanging loop 2 from Cry1Ah protein and shows insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera. The toxicity of Cry1 Ai-h-loop 2, in contrast to the very low toxicity of Cry1Ai, is closely associated with the eleven residues in the loop 2 region. To characterize the key sites of loop 2 in Cry1Ai-h-loop 2, alaninesubstituted mutants were generated. The toxicity of these mutants against H. armigera indicated that dual-mutant on Gly373 and Asn375 caused a significant decrease in toxic activity. ELISA binding and competition binding assays demonstrated that the reduction of toxicity in the mutant of interest was correlated with decreased binding affinity.     

Evaluating the efficacy of an attenuated Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus vaccine produced by multi-gene deletion in pathogenicity island SeseCisland_4

Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus(SEZ) is a pathogen associated with a wild range of animal species. Frequent outbreaks have occurred in recent years in pigs, horses, goats and dogs which is liable to infect humans. There is a lack of efficient vaccines against this disease and the occurrence of antibiotic resistance may render drug therapies ineffective. In this study, gene deletion mutant(ΔSEZ) in pathogenicity islands SeseCisland_4 was constructed. The mutant ΔSEZ had a 52-fold decrease in 50% lethal dose(LD_(50)) and had less capacity to adhere epithelial cells. Importantly, immunization of mice with attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 colony-forming units(CFU) mL~(–1) elicited a significant humoral antibody response, with an antibody titer of 1:12 800. Therefore, 10~2 CFU mL~(–1) might be used as the appropriate immune dose for the attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ, which provided mice with efficient protection against virulent SEZ. In addition, the hyperimmune sera against 10~2 CFU m L–1 attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ could confer significant protection against virulent SEZ infection in the passive immunization experiment and exhibited efficient bactericidal activity in the whole blood assay. Meanwhile, no viable bacteria was detected in blood when mice were immunized with ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 CFU mL~(–1) via hypodermic injection. Thereafter, the mutant ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 CFU mL~(–1) could confer significant protection in mice and had less negative effects on host, which could be an effective attenuated vaccine candidate for the prevention of SEZ.     

Causes of maize density loss in farmers' fields in Northeast China

Increasing plant density is an effective and important way to reduce maize yield gaps in Northeast China. However, the fact is that a significant plant density gap exists between optimum plant density and actual plant density in farmers' fields.To quantify the density gap between planned planting density and final harvest plant density(HPD), we studied 60 farmers' fields on three types of soil for three crop seasons from 2015 to 2017 by measuring their plant-plant distance, actual seedlings density(ASD), final HPD and yield. We also explored the potential causes of density loss by digging the places where the seedlings were missing for two consecutive years in 2016–2017. Results show that the three-year average HPD in farmers' fields was 59 699 plants ha~(–1), which was significantly lower than the planned density, including both the machine setting density(MSD; 67 962 plants ha~(–1)) and theoretical plant density(TPD; 67 467 plants ha~(–1)). No significant difference was found in HPD between years and soil types. However, for MSD and TPD, the average value in 2015 was significantly higher than that in 2016 and 2017. No significant difference between soil types was observed. Furthermore,the results from 2016 till 2017 indicated that a lack of seeds in the soil, a failure to germinate due to low-quality seeds,and a lack of seedlings breaking out of the soil due to environmental problems explained approximately 60.88, 10.33 and 28.80% of density loss, respectively. According to our survey, 63% of farmers did not know their own TPD and HPD, and 54% of farmers did not know the density loss. Therefore, we argue that farmers' limited knowledge of density and density loss is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in maize production. These observations will be useful for determining best management practices for maize production and for providing helpful suggestions for machine improvement.     

The effects of soil moisture and salinity as functions of groundwater depth on wheat growth and yield in coastal saline soils

In the coastal saline soils, moisture and salinity are the functions of groundwater depth affecting crop growth and yield. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to: 1) investigate the combined effects of moisture and salinity stresses on wheat growth as affected by groundwater depth, and 2) find the optimal groundwater depth for wheat growth in coastal saline soils. The groundwater depths (0.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.3, and 2.7 m during 2013–2014 (Y1) and 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 m during 2014–2015 (Y2)) of the field experiment were maintained by soil columns. There was a positive correlation between soil moisture and salinity. Water logging with high salinity (groundwater depth at 0.7 m in Y1 and 0.6 m in Y2) showed a greater decline towards wheat growth than that of slight drought with medium (2.3 m in Y1) or low salinity (2.7 m in Y1, 2.2 and 2.6 m in Y2). The booting stage was the most sensitive stage of wheat crop under moisture and salinity stresses. Data showed the most optimal rate of photosynthesis, grain yield, and flour quality were obtained under the groundwater depth (ditch depth) of 1.9 m (standard soil moisture with medium salinity) and 2.3 m (slight drought with medium salinity) in Y1 and 1.8 m (standard soil moisture with medium salinity) and 2.2 m (slight drought with low salinity) in Y2. The corresponding optimal soil relative moisture content and conductivity with the 1:5 distilled water/soil dilution, in the depth of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm in coastal saline soils, were equal to 58.67–63.07% and 65.51–72.66% in Y1, 63.09–66.70% and 69.75–74.72% in Y2; 0.86–1.01 dS m^–1 and 0.63–0.77 dS m^–1 in Y1, 0.57–0.93 dS m^–1 and 0.40–0.63 dS m^–1 in Y2, respectively.     

Two new IncRNAs regulate the key immune factor NOD1 and TRAF5 in chicken lymphocyte

Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes the atrophy of immune organs and immuno-suppression in chickens, but the underlying molecular mechanism of the immune response after infection by REV is not well understood. Presently, the RNA-seq was used to analyze the regulation of immune response to REV in chicken lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Overall, 134 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) between cells with REV infection or without in vitro were screened. Based on the differentially expressed protein-coding genes, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pathway related to immune regulation was enriched. Two lncRNAs (L11530 and L09863) were predicted to target the NOD1 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 (TRAF5) gene, respectively, which are involved in the NOD-like receptor pathway with cis-regulation way. The in vitro results revealed the significantly up-regulated (P<0.01) levels of lncRNA-L11530 and its target gene, NOD1, and the significantly down-regulated (P<0.05) levels of lncRNA-L09863 and its target gene, TRAF5, in lymphocytes after REV infection. These changes also occurred in vivo in blood lymphocytes of chickens infected with REV. Further, L09863 and L11530 were respectively interfered, the expression levels of their target genes NOD1 or TRAF5 were significantly down-regulated, accompanied by the change of IL-8 and IL-18 secretions in lymphocytes. The NOD-like receptor pathway appears to be important in the immune response to REV, LncRNA-11530 and IncRNA-09863 might involve in the immune regulation on REV infection by targeting NOD1 or TRAF5 in blood lymphocytes of chickens. Our findings reveal a new regulation of lncRNAs (L11530 and L09863) on immunity in chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes for REV infection by changing the expression of the target genes via the NOD-like receptor pathway.