黑皮油松引种试验初报

20世纪80年代初,黑皮油松由哈尔滨引入伊春,经过20多年的栽培、驯化,获得成功并繁育了子代。文中介绍了黑皮油松引种、育苗、造林、子代培育等试验情况。     

Top-crossing with evaluation of slaughtering value in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) offspring

A three-year test of growth performance andoffspring survival from top-crossing of commoncarp hybrids in low altitude (350 m above thesea level, middle European climate) and in highaltitude (750 m above the sea level, middleEuropean climate) was terminated by assessmentof slaughtering value of edible parts in therespective strains. A recently establishedHungarian synthetic mirror carp strain (HSM)was chosen for testing as maternal strain. TheHSM, as well as wild Amur carp (AC), Ropshacarp (ROP) and Tata carp (TAT) were used aspaternal strains.The evidential strain*altitude interactioneffect was demonstrated as significant forweight of fish (0.0005), fillet without skin(0.0001), index of highbackedness (0.005),index of head length (0.0404),Fulton's coefficient (0.0497),index of widebackedness (0.0315) andgonadosomatic index (0.0082). The interactioneffect was demonstrated as insignificantbetween altitude*sex and betweenstrain*sex.The comparative test of analysis of variance(ANOVA) revealed significantly (P < 0.05)higher weight of fish after killing on lowaltitude (1611.6 g) than on high altitude(1090.3 g), but processed body yield andpercentage of fillet without skin was notsignificantly different (64.0 and 34.2 for lowaltitude, 64.2 and 33.4 for high altitude). Thepercentage of processed body weight andpercentage of fillet without skin in analysisboth altitudes were significantly better infemales (65.5 and 34.6%) than in males (62.5and 33.00%), respectively. The highestsignificant differences in weight of fish afterkilling were found between HSM (890.8 g) andHSM × AC (1283.3 g) in high altitude. In lowaltitude, it was between HSM (1527.2 g) andHSM × AC (1706.9 g) and HSM × ROP (1693.0 g).     

桢楠优树子代苗期性状遗传变异研究

利用22株桢楠优树单系种子在独山县国有林场开展桢楠优树子代苗期遗传变异研究,对1年生苗木苗高的调查分析表明。苗高在不同家系间存在极显著差异,这种差异主要由遗传因素决定:1年生桢楠优树子代苗木平均苗高为19.1cm,变幅为14.4~34.0cm;从参试家系中初步选择出5个优良家系,其平均苗高为25.0cm。平均遗传增益为28.12%,选择效果明显。     

葡萄种间杂交和自交后代抗寒性分析

利用隶属函数法综合评价了2个欧山杂交组合(玫瑰香×黑龙江实生;红地球×北醇)和2个自交组合(红地球自交和北醇自交)后代68个单株的抗寒性.结果表明:杂交后代抗寒隶属值连续分布,抗寒性表现为多基因控制的数量性状,其杂交后代抗寒性平均值小于中亲值,且不同的杂交后代组合偏离程度不同,杂交F1代(玫瑰香×黑龙江实生)偏离程度小于杂交F2代(红地球×北醇).自交组合中抗性强的亲本北醇自交后代抗性有所增强,抗性弱的亲本红地球自交后代平均隶属度明显弱于亲本.     

枫香优良种源及家系早期选择

以中国24个种源310个家系的枫香作为研究材料,采用完全随机区组设计,对6年生枫香林进行调查,选取材积,胸径、树高等生长指标进行优良家系和单株选择。结果表明,种源间的生长各性状差异均达到了极显著水平,最佳种源为重庆丰都、云南富宁、广东翁源、广西岑溪、福建建瓯、江西湖城、河南南阳、甘肃康县、浙江开化、江西婺源、广西凭祥、江西铜鼓、河南商城、湖北松滋、湖北大悟等,其材积、胸径及树高生长量较总体平均值分别提高了6.26%、9.76%、27.45%;不同枫香家系间的材积、胸径和树高都存在极显著差异,各性状的家系遗传力均属于中等遗传控制;树高的家系遗传力和单株遗传力最大,分别为0.469 4和0.519 2,胸径(0.401 4)家系遗传力大于材积(0.385 7),但材积(0.390 9)单株遗传力高于胸径(0.377 8);通过初选和优选,共选出优良家系49个,入选率为15.81%,入选的优良家系胸径、树高和材积的平均值分别为5.55 cm、4.57 m和0.006 004 85 m3,分别高于总体平均值的25%、17%和69%,材积(0.060 7~0.624 4)的遗传增益明显大于胸径(0.036 6~0.185 8)和树高(0.031 4~0.145 3);选出优良单株38株,入选率为1.02%,其平均胸径、平均树高和平均材积分别为7.65 cm,5.49 m和0.012 314 776 m3,分别高于总体平均值72.08%、41.25%和246.33%。     

高粱航天诱变后代的观察与分析

选用高粱恢复系体细胞克隆变异后代稳定材料R111,搭载1996年第十七次返回式卫星进行处理,其后代获得大量变异系。经过几年筛选,已获得许多优异新种质资源,表现特殊的有:①成熟期提早15d。②株高降低40cm。③品质变化明显,氨基酸总量比对照增加14.10%,可溶性糖比对照增加25%,单宁降低30%。④获得一批航天诱变新不育系。     

Ploidy and growth performance of hybrid progeny between tetraploid Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Paramisgurnus dabryanus

Experimental crossings were made between tetraploid loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, T for short) and diploid large‐scale loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus, P for short), resulting in T×T, T×P and P×P crosses (female before male). Meanwhile, a part of T×P cross was cold shocked to inhibit second meiosis (T×P‐0 for short). Fertility rate, hatching rate and survival rate of T×T, T×P, P×P and T×P‐0 were measured. Flow cytometry and chromosome count were taken to identify ploidy statuses of the four crosses. Results showed that T×T, T×P and P×P were, respectively, tetraploidy (4n = 100), triploidy (3n = 74) and diplody (2n = 48), while 89.19 per cent of T×P‐0 of 12 months old were pentaploidy (5n = 124, T×P‐0‐5n for short) and the others were triploidy. Morphological data of the four crosses of 12 months old showed that morphological characteristics of T×P and T×P‐0‐5n loach were between those of their parents, while T×P‐0‐5n loach presented a smallest head length/body length. Total lengths of T×P and T×P‐0‐5n were significantly larger than those of T×T and P×P, showing hybrid vigour. This study will provide valuable information for production of polyploidy loach and breeding programmes of the two loaches and other closely related species.     

马尾松优树子代材性的初步研究

本文通过对４３个马尾松优树子代１０年生时的材性进行初步分析,结果表明：（１）木材相对密度在家系间存在显著的差异,而纤维素含量则差异不显著;（２）对马尾松材性的选择,除了应利用家系间差异外,还应注重家系内个体间的选择;（３）进行马尾松纸浆材家系选择时,应以生长量为主、材性为辅。     

黑毛和牛地方类群培育成国际品种的经验分析

黑毛和牛是日本当地牛的主体,长期存栏占比达80%～90%,是和牛的代表种。其在1950年代尚属役用地方类群,但经过系统选育,现已成为一个专门化肉用型牛国际品种——跨洲繁育的品种,对国际牛肉生产形成了新的冲击,在肉牛育种科技进步方面产生了广泛影响。本文从日本养牛简史、和牛系统选育历程及经验方面试作分析,以期揭示其值得借鉴之处,如品族繁育和公牛＂双测检验＂就很有创造性。任何品种都并非十全十美,日本对和牛的系统选育还在持续而严格地进行着;针对和牛的科学研究,也已进入了国际上动物营养与遗传育种学一体化研究的前沿领域（RFI）,并已取得成果,这对提高和牛选育效率是新的推动。诸多进展亦有很大启示意义。     

杨树长期育种中遗传测定效率理论分析

The major goal for long-term poplar breeding can be formulated as maximizing annual progress in Group Merit Gain at a given annual budget （GMG/Y＊）. To evaluate different breeding scenarios, a deterministic simulator BREEDING CYCLE ANALYZER covering the most important aspects （gain, cost, time, technique, and gene diversity） of a full breeding cycle was used. The breeding strategies considered was based on pairwise crossing of the selected breeding population and balanced within family selection for the next breeding population. A main scenario and a number of alternative scenarios within these constraints were evaluated using estimates of the best available inputs for poplars. In focus was a comparison between three different testing scenarios for selecting the parents mated to create future breeding generations, thus selecting based on phenotype, clone test or progeny test. For the main scenario, the highest GMG/Y, and the optimal selection age for clone, phenotype and progeny strategies were 0.7480 %, 0.6989% and 0.4675%; 7, 6, and 11 years respectively. Clone test was best except when heritability was high, plant price was high or total budget was low; phenotype strategy was the second except for the case of extremely low narrow-sense heritability, for which the progeny strategy was a little more efficient than phenotype strategy. GMG/Y was markedly affected by narrow-sense heritability, additive variance at mature age, rotation age, plant-dependent cost, total budget and the time needed to produce the test plants, while diversity loss and recombination cost had rather weak effect on GMG/Y. Short rotation age and cheap testing cost favoured all three testing strategies. Comparably short rotation age, low plant-dependent cost and high total budget seem to promote early selection for progeny strategy.