镉对草莓幼苗根尖氧化系统和基因组DNA损伤的影响

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术和生理生化方法检测镉胁迫对草莓幼苗根尖氧化系统和DNA多态性的影响。结果表明,用5、10和15 mg · L-1镉（CdCl2 · 2.5H2O）处理6 d后,草莓幼苗根伸长及根系中可溶性蛋白质含量均受到抑制,根尖活性氧爆发（超氧阴离子产生速率升高和过氧化氢含量增加）,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降,DNA增色效应减少。选用8条寡核苷酸引物（10 bp）对草莓幼苗根尖细胞中基因组DNA进行RAPD扩增,对照组图谱中可分辨出88条RAPD谱带,其分子量为150 ~ 3 500 bp,处理组与对照组RAPD图谱之间存在明显差异,且与镉浓度之间存在剂量效应关系。镉影响草莓幼苗根尖细胞中基因组模板的稳定性,活性氧爆发和DNA交联是根尖DNA损伤的主要原因,利用RAPD技术获得的DNA多态性变化可作为检测草莓根尖DNA损伤的指标。     

地被植物在佳木斯城市绿化中的应用

地被植物在城市绿化中得到了广泛应用。在介绍佳木斯市自然条件的基础上,总结提出了佳木斯城市绿化中现应用的低矮灌木、宿根花卉、1～2a生草花和少量藤本植物等地被植物达60余种,并对常用的地被植物在城市园林造景、道路绿化、居住小区绿化、专属绿地绿化的现状进行了概述;同时对地被植物的发展前景进行了分析展望。     

Collection of urban tree products by households in poorer residential areas of three South African towns

The high rates of urban in-migration and poverty common in many developing country towns potentially increases the reliance of urban populations on the direct benefits provided by trees. Yet understanding of the extent of such use and the sources of these tree products is limited. Here we report on the extent of use of urban tree products by 450 households in the poorer areas of three towns along a rainfall gradient based on household questionnaires. We considered the proportion of households making use of each of several tree products and the collection or purchasing frequency which we disaggregated by source of the product, including trees in homesteads, urban spaces, edges of towns and via purchase from traders. Most households (91%) used firewood, which was most frequently collected from the urban fringe or purchased, although one-third at times also collected firewood from trees on their home plot. All households used fruits, most commonly sourced through purchase (98%), but nearly half of whom also supplemented by harvesting fruits from their home plot. Other products used included wood for building, fencing and utensils, herbal medicines, planting material and mulch. Collection of products from urban homestead trees was highest amongst households in the informal settlements and least in the more established townships. Residents of new low-cost housing areas made extensive use of urban tree products harvested in urban spaces because they had fewer homestead trees than residents of informal areas or townships. Overall, urban residents made use of a wide array of tangible products from trees which they sourced from a variety of places, including their homestead plot. This urges that planning agencies ensure that homestead plot sizes or other urban spaces that provide tree products are large enough to support the direct needs of poorer urban residents.     

The effects of agricultural fields and human settlements on the use of rivers by wildlife in the mid-Zambezi valley,Zimbabwe

After the eradication of the Tse-Tse fly in the Mid-Zambezi valley, human settlements and fields extended mainly along the main rivers. In order to investigate the consequences of this human development on wildlife diversity we monitored three rivers of the Mid-Zambezi valley in Zimbabwe: Angwa, Manyame and Kadzi. The rivers were divided in segments of 200 m which were checked for spoors in order to assess the number of species and the number of individuals that used the segments. Human settlements were also recorded. We used a GIS to define the spatial characteristics of the fields present along the rivers, and related them to the distribution and abundance of wild species spoors in the river beds and banks. Our results show that the number of species in one segment of the river decreased with the increasing size of the field area bordering the segment. For all the major ungulate species, the numbers of individuals recorded per segment decreased with increasing field area. A similar trend was observed for small and medium-sized carnivores, though they were in lower numbers when present. Our analyses thus confirm that the extension of human agriculture in wildlife areas has an impact on most wild species, but we also define some threshold value of field size above which there seem to be an acceleration of the decrease in wildlife density and diversity: 3.2 ha for medium and small herbivores and carnivores; only the elephant seem to tolerate larger field area with a threshold value of 32 ha.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

番荔枝品种选育和栽培生理研究进展

概述了热带果树番荔枝（Ａｎｎｏｎａ ｓｐｐ．）在选种育种和栽培生理方面的研究进展，包括种质资源，实生树和砧木选种，杂交育种，人工授粉，产期调节以及温度、水分、矿质元素等生态因子对番荔枝生长发育的影响，并就国内番荔枝研究的发展方向进行了探讨。     

Characterization and quantitative assessment of interspecific and intraspecific penetration of below-ground vegetation by cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) rhizomes

Cogongrass ( Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.), an invasive C4 perennial grass, negatively influences native plant communities by forming dense monotypic stands that alter ecosystem properties and lower local species diversity. A hypothesized mechanism by which cogongrass achieves competitive dominance is a novel use of below-ground vegetative disturbance of neighboring vegetation (i.e. puncturing). However, very little empirical evidence is found in the peer-reviewed literature to quantify this phenomenon, much less establish it as a true form of competitive interaction. The present field study was conducted to quantify the occurrence of rhizome-mediated, below-ground vegetative penetration, both interspecifically and intraspecifically, document how this phenomenon is influenced by spatial location relative to the cogongrass stand, and determine the role that above-ground and below-ground biomass might have in the process. Analyses of 100 sod samples indicated that rhizome-mediated, below-ground vegetative penetration is a much larger intraspecific phenomenon than an interspecific one. The data also strongly suggested spatial location as a significant factor, with most penetrations occurring in the interior of a cogongrass stand as opposed to the advancing border. Significant correlations between rhizome-mediated, below-ground vegetative penetration and above-ground cogongrass biomass were found in the overall plot analysis and most strongly in the advancing border of the cogongrass stands.     

中国地方胡萝卜品种资源的核心样品构建

 以340份我国地方胡萝卜品种为材料, 通过对4个数量性状和9个质量性状的评价进行聚类分组, 设定适宜的阈值, 以靠近阈值最近的材料作为候选样品, 分别按10%、15%和20%比例初步构建了胡萝卜3个核心种质。对3个核心样品13个性状基本参数与总体资源比较的结果表明, 3个核心样品的β - 胡萝卜素、干物质及维生素C的含量平均值均与总体资源存在显著差异, 但核心样品的4个数量性状与总体资源符合度(表型保留比例) 比较好。核心样品9个质量性状表现型频率与总体无显著差异, 符合度均达到了100%。随着取样比例的减少, 核心样品的地域分布迅速减少, 10%核心样品的分布省市数比总体资源减少了8个, 资源主要来源省市所占比例由原来的50%降到了35%。因此, 建议以15%～20%作为构建小规模胡萝卜资源核心样品的适宜比例。     

云南南瓜资源地理分布的多样性

云南地处高原山区、祖国西南边陲,南瓜资源丰富多样。本文重点阐述了南瓜在云南的主要分布区、资源种类及代表资源特性、不同地方的不同资源分布;并简要描述了迄今为止,云南对南瓜资源开发利用的现状。     

青檀林伴生生物及主要有害生物种类初步研究简

2003～2013年,对山东枣庄青檀寺青檀林伴生生物和山东枣庄、泰安、济南,北京市妙峰山、上方山,山西灵丘县花塔,安徽青阳、泾县、全椒、滁州琅琊山等地青檀林主要有害生物种类进行调查研究。结果表明：枣庄地区青檀林伴生生物共有129种,其中病原微生物类8种,腹足纲动物1科2种,蛛形纲动物4科5种,昆虫纲动物7目、38科、55种,植物35科、59种。调查中发现的一种绵叶蚜经中国科学院动物研究所乔格侠研究员鉴定为绵叶蚜属一新种,定名为青檀绵叶蚜（Shivaphis pterocelti Qiao,Jiang and An,sp.nov.）。青檀林主要有害生物有腹足纲灰巴蜗牛[Bradybaena ravida （Benson）]和同型巴蜗牛[Bradybaena similaris （Ferussac）],蛛形纲山楂红蜘蛛（Tetranychus viennensis Zacher）,昆虫纲鳞翅目灯蛾科美国白蛾[Hlyphantria cunea （Drury）]、半翅目斑蚜科青檀绵叶蚜（新种）（Shivaphis pterocelti Qiao,Jiang and An,sp.nov.）、鞘翅目天牛科桑天牛[Apriona germari （Hope）]。同时,对青檀苗圃地杂草进行调查,共有17科37种。     

干旱区矿区不同立地类型土壤种子库特征

矿区的自然或人工植被恢复是维持生物多样性及生态系统稳定的重要途径。通过室外萌发法对金昌镍铜矿区7种不同立地生境土壤种子库的研究表明:该区域土壤中物种丰富度较高,包括16科47属,共56种植物,分别为:藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Compositae)、柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)、马齿苋科(Portulacaceae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、十字花科(Cruciferae)、车前科(Plantaginaceae)、胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)、蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、紫草科(Boraginaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、茄科(Solanaceae);植物组成以一年生草本植物占绝对优势(89.3%),多年生草本植物次之(7.54%),灌木种最少(2.59%)。土壤种子平均储量412粒·m~(-2),不同立地类型土壤种子库储量差异显著,与其他荒漠地区比较,土壤种子库储量偏低;土壤种子库物种Simpson多样性指数为:新尾矿周边自然植被区龙首矿自然植被区龙首矿开采废弃地供暖公司柽柳林地。