Assessing habitat use of the endangered marine mollusc Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda, Patellidae) in northern Africa: preliminary results and implications for conservation

The limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791, endemic to the Mediterranean, is the most endangered marine species on the list of the European Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitat of Wild Fauna and Flora (1992). Its Mediterranean range has progressively contracted to a few restricted areas and the species is now threatened with extinction. Seventeen stations were sampled along the littoral zone on the coast of Ceuta, North Africa, for quantifying environmental factors (water movement, siltation and suspended solids), and 70 transects were selected for P. ferruginea sampling. The study revealed the presence of a well-established population of P. ferruginea with values of density and size of 0.67 individuals m⁻¹ ±0.96 and 48.94 mm±11.61 respectively (mean±standard error of mean). The biggest densities of P. ferruginea were found inside the harbour of Ceuta. The limpets were more abundant on artificial harbour stones than on natural rocky shores, and the areas under the highest human pressure were characterised by the lowest densities and the smallest specimens probably due mainly to the predation for food and fishing. Human pressure is probably the main contributing factor to the currently endangered status of P. ferruginea. Programmes of environmental education to avoid its collection for fishing, food or for fun as decorative objects should be conducted, and further experimental studies dealing with the reproductive biology of this species are needed to properly assess the future programmes of conservation.     

不同种植模式下紫色土养分流失影响因子研究

通过建立5个不同种植模式的径流小区，对每个小区径流泥沙中养分的含量进行研究．探讨机械组成、微团聚体含量、粘粒团聚度等因子对养分流失影响的程度，结果发现：15～30cm土层中〈0．01mm的粘粒含量与径流泥沙中全钾含量和速效钾含量有显著的相关性。0～15cm层中的〈0．01mm和〈0．001mm微团聚体含量都与径流泥沙中有机质、速效钾和全氮的含量有显著的相关性。同层中〈0．01mm粘粒团聚度与径流泥沙中全氮含量和速效钾含量有显著的相关性，而同层〈0．001mm粘粒团聚度与径流泥沙中全磷含量、速效钾含量和速效磷含量有显著的正相关。     

基于区域土壤水分供给量的土地利用优化模式

与以数量结构生态优化为目标的土地利用优化配置不同，提出了基于主要生态过程的土地利用空间格局优化的思路。借助于地理信息系统等技术，在对主要生态水文过程模拟的基础上，建立了土地利用最小耗费表面模型，探讨了土地利用时空格局优化模式研究的技术途径。最后，以受沙质荒漠化威胁地区较严重的鄂尔多斯高原的考考赖沟流域为例，对模型进行了应用研究。     

不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应

 研究不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应,以便为退耕还林及坡耕地水保措施提供依据。根据上舍河小流域2000年55场有效降雨资料,对不同土地利用类型(坡耕地、杉木林地)次降雨地表径流量、径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等影响因子进行相关分析。结果表明:坡耕地、杉木林地的次降雨地表径流量、地表径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等相关显著。在一定坡度范围内,坡耕地的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增大而增加,而杉木林分的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增加而降低。     

新疆石河子市土地利用数量变化研究

以新疆石河子市土地变更统计资料,以及其自然、社会、经济数据为依据,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,运用多种数学模型对石河子市土地利用现状、土地利用数量变化进行了探讨。结果表明,近12年来石河子市园地、林地、交通用地、居民点工矿用地的正向变化较明显,而负变化方面,则是以未利用地和耕地的变化最为突出。土地利用结构总体变化不大。土地利用类型的转移以非农建设占用农用地特别是占用耕地现象日益突出为主要特点,并呈现明显的地域差异。早期引起土地利用变化的主要原因是农业结构调整,而经济发展和城市迅速扩张则是后期变化的动因。     

基于生产生活可达性的农村居民点整治分区及模式

农村居民点整治应满足农户生产生活的需求,提高农村居民点的生产生活可达性。该文从生产生活可达性切入,以农村居民点生产生活可达性作为整治分区和采取何种整治模式的依据,从生产可达性和生活可达性两方面出发构建生产生活可达性评价指标体系,采用空间可达性测度方法和指标综合评判法计算得到农村居民点(斑块)生产生活可达性,将其分为I、II、III、IV 4个等级,分别对应发展区、优化区、引导区和拆迁区。根据整治分区并结合实际情况,划分了城镇化发展模式、城乡统筹发展模式、综合优化模式、辐射引导模式、增减挂钩模式和生态搬迁模式等6种整治模式,并对整治思路和具体做法做了探讨。该研究尝试将生产生活可达性评价结果应用于农村居民点整治,对有序整治农村居民点和改善提高农村人居环境有指导意义。     

轮式集材拖拉机的使用与修理

简要介绍了两种轮式集材拖拉机的结构和性能、使用和保养方法,对提高其使用寿命有一定的参考价值.     

CTE500数控电火花成型机的使用与维护

介绍了CTE500数控电火花成型机的结构、技术参数以及机床主机安装和加工工艺参数的选择,对该机床常见故障原因进行分析并提出了解决方法,阐述了机床的操作要求和养护措施.     

运材汽车后桥的使用与修理

介绍了运材汽车后桥的使用和修理方法,对提高运材汽车的使用寿命具有一定的参考价值。     

Recovery of saturated hydraulic conductivity under secondary succession on former pasture in the humid tropics

Landscapes in the humid tropics are undergoing a continuous change in land use. Deforestation is still taking its toll on forested areas, but at the same time more and more secondary forests emerge where formerly agricultural lands and pastures are being abandoned. Regarding soil hydrology, the extent to which secondary succession can recover soil hydrological properties disturbed by antecedent deforestation and pasture use is yet poorly understood. We investigated the effect of secondary succession on saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) at two soil depths (0-6 and 6-12 cm) using a space-for-time approach in a landscape mosaic in central Panama. The following four land-use classes were studied: pasture (P), secondary forest of 5-8 years of age (SF5), secondary forest of 12-15 years of age (SF12) and secondary forest of more than 100 years of age (SF100), each replicated altogether four times in different micro-catchments across the study region. The hydrological implications of differences in Ks in response to land-use change with land use, especially regarding overland flow generation, were assessed via comparisons with rainfall intensities.Recovery of Ks could be detected in the 0-6 cm depth after 12 years of secondary succession: P and SF5 held similar Ks values, but differed significantly (α = 0.05) from SF12 and SF100 which in turn were indistinguishable. Variability within the land cover classes was large but, due to sufficient replication in the study, Ks recovery could be detected nonetheless. Ks in the 6-12 cm depth did not show any differences between the land cover classes; only Ks of the uppermost soil layer was affected by land-use changes. Overland flow - as inferred from comparisons of Ks with rainfall intensities - is more likely on P and SF5 sites compared to SF12 and SF100 for the upper sample depth; however, generally low values at the 6-12 cm depth are likely to impede vertical percolation during high rainfall intensities regardless of land use.We conclude that Ks can recover from pasture use under secondary succession up to pre-pasture levels, but the process may take more than 8 years. In order to gain comprehensive understanding of Ks change with land use and its hydrological implications, more studies with detailed land-use histories and combined measurements of Ks, overland flow, precipitation and throughfall are essential.